Literature review2.1 introductionpublic procurement systems in nigeria has over the years been grossly abused especially in the construction industry leading to cost inflation, delays in project delivery, poor quality of work, and project abandonment. for a developing nation like nigeria, which is s...

Literature review2.0 introductionin this chapter, the researcher will review existing literature generally on contract planning and narrow it down to the effects it has on time, cost and the general performance of an organization.various concepts of contract planning, contract management and organiz...

Literature reviewintroductiongrouting which has several application in the field of civil engineering was once considered as a mysterious operation. the effectiveness of grouting requires a lot of understanding, skill, meticulous attention and an intuitive perception. even though grouting was starte...

Sources of palm winethe sap for production of palm wine is mainly oil palm . different palm species are tapped for sap. all the palms are tapped mainly at the base of immature male inflorescence of mature palm tree, and they all produce to a large extent6 some kind of sap, but with varying organolo...

Literature review2.1 conceptual reviewmajor efforts have been made to address current indoor air problems since daily societal activities are mostly performed in confined environments. consequently, people are exposed to a large variety of pollutants from chemical, biological, or physical origins (w...

Literature review2.1 coconut (cocos nucifera)the coconut tree (cocos nucifera) is a member of the family arecaceae (palm family). it is the only accepted species in the genus cocos. the term coconut can refer to the entire cocnut palm, the seed or the fruit, which botanically is a drupe, not a nut....

Literature review2.1 conceptual reviewsilica, though having a simple formula of sio2, exists in a variety of forms in nature, leave aside synthetic forms. each form of silica exhibits different physical and also chemical properties, existing in the form of gels, crystalline and amorphous forms. it i...

Literature review2.1 conceptual reviewsilica, though having a simple formula of sio2, exists in a variety of forms in nature, leave aside synthetic forms. each form of silica exhibits different physical and also chemical properties, existing in the form of gels, crystalline and amorphous forms. it i...

Literature review2.1 history and background of date seedphoenix dactylifera commonly known as the date palm, is a palm in the genus phoenix, extensively cultivation for fruit, its exact native distribution is known, but probably originated some where in the desert cases of northern africa, and also...

Literature review2.1 conceptual reviewcashew (anacardium occidentale l.) trees appear more like bushes than trees because of their small stature (figure 2.1). they are evergreen trees, with an average height of not more than 30 feet. the limbs of the tree spread fast and strike the ground to re-roo...

Literature reviewhistorical review of surface coating (paint) industry.the surface coating industry is indeed an ancient one. the origin of paints dates back to prelistoric time when the early inhabitants of the earth recorded their activities in colors on the walls of their caves. these crud pain...

Literature reviewsoap evolved from crude mixtures of alkaline and fatty mixtures. the manufacture of soap dates back to the first century, and by the thirteeth century the soap industry had taken stand to produce sufficient quantities of soap. pompeii excavations revealed that soap factory dates...

Literature review: oil used for soap prepared and reference analysis process followed toilet soap prepared e. e. mak-mensah et.al (2011) neem oil using neem oil apricot kernel oil and toilet soap prepared adel y. girgis et.al (1...

Literature review2.1 introductionour focus in this chapter is to critically examine relevant literature that would assist in explaining the research problem and furthermore recognize the efforts of scholars who had previously contributed immensely to similar research. the chapter intends to deepen t...

Literature review1.1 cracks in building; an overviewpoor and improper building maintenance will definitely will cause more damages and costly repair work if left unattended. building defects are inevitable aspects of building construction. defects occur in various forms and to different extent in al...

Literature review2.1 classification of maintenance of buildings and infrastructuresmaintenance of buildings and infrastructures can be classified under the following headings;planned maintenanceunplanned maintenance2.1.1 planned maintenanceplanned maintenance is maintenance organized and carried ou...

Literature review2.0 introductionthis chapter presents the review of related literature on making high concrete strength from granulated calcined clay. views and opinions of other authors will be presented as follows. 2.1 calcined claythe main source of such material is gravel which is obtained from...

Literature reviewintroductionour focus in this chapter is to critically examine relevant literature that would assist in explaining the research problem and furthermore recognize the efforts of scholars who had previously contributed immensely to similar research. the chapter intends to deepen the u...

Review of literature2.1 introductionour focus in this chapter is to critically examine relevant literature that would assist in explaining the research problem and furthermore recognize the efforts of scholars who had previously contributed immensely to similar research. the chapter intends to deepe...

Literature review2.0 introductionour focus in this chapter is to critically examine relevant literature that would assist in explaining the research problem and furthermore recognize the efforts of scholars who had previously contributed immensely to similar research. the chapter intends to deepen t...