PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC POWDER

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW:

1. COSMETICS

Cosmetics are the end product of cosmetic chemistry, a not too well-defined science that blends the skill of specialists in the chemical, physical, biological and medical field.

Powders and other cosmetic products are generally called cosmetic products, in other words cosmetics is any substance prepared for treatment, applied to the body to cleanse or to alter the appearance to promote attractiveness etc.

Cosmetic is also defined according to the federal food, drugs and cosmetic act as the article intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled or sprayed on; introduced into or otherwise to the human body or any part there of for cleansing, beautifying, and promoting attractiveness or altering the appearance.

Hence, the term cosmetic therefore includes the following products and they are Powders, Shampoo, Lipstick, Shaving lotion, Make-up lotion, Creams, Coloring agent etc.

The classification of many products formally considered cosmetics would be determined by claims made for them. That is any preparation intended to cure any condition of the face of scalp will automatically fall into the class of drugs. Likewise antiperspirants and deodorants. If they alter a function of the body and depilatories, which affects the structure of the hair, may also be called drugs.

From the definition of cosmetics, the various kinds of cosmetic products are best grouped into three principal classes namely

i. For the skin.

ii.For the nails.

iii. For the hair.

The need for persons to cleansing, alter the appearance or promote attractiveness to beautify the face, hair, scalp and skin led to the discovery of petroleum products. These products have different formulation ingredients and these ingredients have different properties, which they confer to these products; Thus, the different qualities that meet up with the demand of the people.

1. COSMETIC PRODUCTS:

Cosmetic products are numerous and some of these are powder (Simple, Brown, and Medicated/Antiseptic powders) shaving powder, lotions, shampoo, lipsticks, mascara, and eyes shadow etc.

LIPSTICKS:

Lipstick is a solid fatly base product containing dissolved and suspended color materials. It is applied to the to the lip and should be smooth, resistant mild abrasion encountered during eating, drinking etc, Should not spread to other portion of nor have unpleasant smell or taste.

A highly grade of caster oil is one of the most common ingredient as. It imparts viscosity to the molded stick and has small solvent action on the brain acids.

CREAMS:

All creams for the skin falls into these large general classes with sabiny subclass namely: cold cream, vanishing cream and water free creams.

POWDERS:

Powders are chemicals formulations which are used on the external part of the skin e.g. face and for prickly heat rashes on the body (skin). Face powder at an early period was essentially made up of rice starch or cassava starch into which a color was incorporated, intending that it compliment the skin colour ,later talcum was then substituted for the rice starch.

Now face producer is essentially made up of about 90% talc. Even zinc oxide is being need in place of talc. But the percentage depends on the producer, in other words talc is more accepted than zinc oxide because of its smoothness and Avery attractive white colour it has perfume irgason ,300bp, mineral oil and colour are the ingredients that are used in addition with talc to produce the brown powder and the type of powder depends on the type of colour 1 for the white skin colour people, this colour2 and 3 varies also due to the colour for the production.

CLASSIFICATION OF POWDER

Powders are classified into two basic categories, but they are made up of three different types, namely

1 simple powder

2brown powder

1. Medicated/ antiseptic powder.

Basically, the three different types of powder are been classified into

1 face powder

2 Toilet powder

FACE POWDER

The face powder is further sub- divided into simple powder and brown powder which is popularly known as the pressed powder or pan-cake.

Face powder is sub grouped into such, in order to meet the demands by different individuals. Face powder at an early period was essentially made up of a rice starch or cassava starch, into which a colour was incorporated, intending that it compliments the skins colour; hence, late the take was substituted for the starch.

Now face power is essentially made up of about 90% take. Ever zinc oxide is being used in place of talc or vise-versa. But the talc is more accepted because of its smoothness. Perfume, lrgasan 300 dp, mineral oil, colour are the ingredient that is added to the talc to produce the powder depending on the type of powder you wart to produce.

There are basically two type of powder under the face powder which are namely simple powder and Brown powder as earlier said. But they function as face powders due to the function listed below:

1. It is used to impact a smooth velvet like finish to the skin by masking any slime due to the secretions of sweating glands. To obtain this effect, the powder must be opaque enough to mask the shine but not so opaque that it gives a mask like appearance.
2. It helps to keep the body fresh especially the face and makes the skin to be pleasant to touch.
3. It disseminates a pleasing odour when the perform is laden particles over warm and relatively large area is in intimate contact.

SIMPLE POWDER:

The simple powder is blend of white pigment, tinted and perfumed to be applied to the face. This powder when mixing the moistening agent, it is done slowly and mixed within the material.

A precautionary note is advisable on the possibility of off-odour from the glues used in making powder boxes and powder puffs and in glaring the metal pan to the compact surface.

Basically, face powder contains the following ingredients and in weight percent of or for its formulations. Thus simple powder consist of mainly 90% of Talcum and 10% perfume.

Talcum + Perfume Simple Powder

Or

Zinc Oxide + Perfume Simple Powder

BROWN POWDER:

The brown powder popularly known as pressed powder or pon-cake consists of mineral oil, talcum of Zinc state and colours. Thus this is a bit more technical when compared to other powders.When all the ingredients are mixed together, it is then compressed by a compression machine to give something like brown cake, before it is sent for final packaging. The colour 1, colour2 and colour 3 are the various types used in the brown powder production.

The percentage used in the brown powder production like using the Talcum of about 86%, colour 5% and mineral oil 4% depending on the size of production.

Zinc state + Mineral oil +Colour Brown powder.

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF POWDER:

The most common materials used for the production of powders possess different properties. These properties are grouped into seven and these groups properties of materials for the production of powder are done in the following manner:

SLIP:

This assists in the spreading and to give the characteristic smooth feeling examples are Talc, Zinc state, etc.

TALC:

Talc consists mainly of hydrous silicate of magnesium {mg3 s14 o10 (oh2}. Talc is the softest known mineral on the earth, alkalic magnesium silicate.

PROPERTIES OF TALC:

Talc possess the following properties which makes it to be more useful in the production process.

1. It is a fine powder of white colour
2. It has resistance to high temperatures
3. It is an excellent thermal and electric insulant
4. It has high chemical resistance on acids, alkalic and other surfactants
5. It is the softest known mineral on earth
6. it is not toxic.

USES OF TALE.

Tale are used as follows:

1. It is used as the highest quantity of component materials in the production of powders. This is as a result of the following:

1. Softest known mineral
2. It has white colour
3. It is of low cost.
4. It has ability to give smooth feeling.
5. It has the ability to accept other materials on its surface.
6. It is used in the paint industries. Its usefulness here is as a result of the following:
7. Reduction in the quality of primary product consumed.
8. Improvement of the durability of the paint.
9. Low cost
10. Helps in suspending other pigments.
11. Improves the stability of emulsion paints.
12. Enhancement of smoothness of the time of application.
13. Reinforcement of the paint film.
14. Improvement of rust inhibitive properties and corrosion resistance.
15. Prevention of enamel from running in traffic paint for better abrasion resistance.

ZINC OXIDE (ZnO)

To assist in covering the skin defects such as enlarges pores and skin slime. Zinc oxide is an oxide of zinc metal. Zinc is a transition metal but it does not possess many of the properties that characterize the transition metals. For instance, it has only one oxidation state of + 2, its metallic ion are not c

colored and also, it is not used a catalyst.

PREPARATION OF ZINC OXIDE(Zno)

Zinc oxide is usually prepared by burning zinc in air or by heating the trioxocarbonanate 1v, hydroxide or trioxonitrate v, the equation can be written as

3Zn(s)+02(g)_2ZnO(5)

2Zn(N03)2(5 ) _ 2ZN0(s) + 4n02(s) +02(g)

PROPERTIES OF ZINC OXIDE

Zinc oxide posses the following properties which are.

a. zinc oxide is white in colour

b. It is hexagonal in crystalline form.

c. it has 2.008 or 2.028 as the refractive index

d. its molecular weight if 81.37

e. its melting point is 1975 0C

f. its is an insoluble powder that turns yellow on heating and white on cooling.

g. it is an amphoteric oxide .it dissolves in both acid and alkalis

h. it has drying properties .

i.It has covering powder (opacifying) and smoothing properties.

J. It has mild astringent and mildly antiseptic properties.

USES OF ZINC OXIDE (ZnO)

Zinc oxide are used as follows

1. Zinc oxide is used tin production of lotions.
2. it is used as filler for rubber .
3. it is used in its pure form for cream production.
4. It is also used in medical ointiment production.
5. It is used as drying agent for cosmetic powder.

VI. It is used in its pure form in the cosmetic powder production.

TOILET POWDER

This class of powder includes the dusting powder, baby powder after shave powder .and talcum powder and body powder all are antiseptic.

DUSTING POWDER

This powder has talcum powder formulation and is made up of ingredients with the following weight percent: talc 84.0wt% boric acid 10.0wt%, magnesium sterate 5.0wt and perform but certain talc with 61.9wt% , zinc oxide 5% ,starch 15% and menthol 0.6% as active ingredients and 17.5wt% for other non active ingredients added to it .dusting powder is very simple in formulation and perfume is important in its preparation.

FUNCTIONS OF ANTISEPTIC-DUSTING POWDER:-

Dusting powder can be applied to the skin in other to inhabit the micro-organism or effected area.

1. To assist in preventing prickly heat because of antiseptic and healing agents.

11. To absorb excessive perspiration .Hence anti-precipitants are added during its formulation for this purpose, Zinc salt (Zinc oxide) helps to perform this function .

111. To make the skin smooth when rough.

1V. It has an excellent antiseptic effect on the skin.

V. It has cooling effect on the skin.

PRECAUTIONS ON ANTISEPTIC DUSTIN POWDER APPLICATION:

As a result of the higher antiseptic properties of dusting powder, certain precautions are taken and they are as follows:-

1. It should be used only externally.
2. It should not be applied to a broken skin
3. It should be kept away from the user’s eyes due to its action on the eyes. This may even result to mechanical injury in the eyes and tear will began to erupt.
4. It should be kept out of the reach of children since they don’t know the negative effect on them.

AFTERSHAVE POWDER: This type of powder is applied on the skin after carrying out the shaving of the hair. It contains antiseptic to control rashes that may result on the skin due to shaving of the hairs. It contains perfume to a lesser extent and talcum.

BABY POWDER

The baby powder are referred to as the simple powder because it is basically meant for babies but adults can as well use it. The powder is usually slightly perfumed due to this; deodorants are added during the formulation. This powder helps to protect the skin of the babies during their tender stage/age, softening the skin, keeping the skin fresh and also give smoothing feeling. The ability of the baby powder to protect the skin of the baby during their tender age made it to be antiseptic baby powder. Baby powder has cooling property, which makes babies to feel relaxed when rubbed on their body.

ANTISEPTIC POWDER

Basically, antiseptic powder is referred to as a powder that contain certain agents that when applied to the external living tissues of man (skin), it has the ability to destroy or inhabit the growth of infectious micro-organism in ordinary powder.

Antiseptic powder is a cosmetic powder product that is produced to serve the purpose of improving the quality of powder by acting on the micro-organisms that attack human skin. The action of antiseptic powder on skin had selective toxicity. This implies that the antiseptic in the powder only acts on the skin and it is not toxic to the skin as it is in contact with it. Also, the conditions for its’ usage should be stated by the manufacturer of the antiseptic powder.

Hence, it has become necessary for the control of the cosmetic products qualities produced include antiseptic powders.

However, after the production of cosmetic products, the products are tested in order to know whether its qualities is within the tolerance limits as stipulated by the standard set aside by the cosmetic acts.

In a situation where the qualities of the produced antiseptic powder are hot tested after manufacturing, when in use, it maybe harmful to the user. This is because a powder that is used for the adult may not be good for use by the babies. Besides, the objective for the production of the cosmetic powder products is then abortive. And for this reason, it becomes necessary for the control of the qualities and precautions for the powder products to be stated and made available in the market or in cosmetic shops to be purchased by consumers.

MENTHOL:

Menthol can be in either liquid or crystalline solid (form) depending on the purpose of its usage. Menthol is used in the production of antiseptic / medicated powder, it functions as an antiseptic. This menthol has a choking smell and when mixed with any other perfume, it is a constituent of peppermint oil and it is responsible for the characteristic smell supercedes all other and it also has cooling effect on the skin

Hence it can also be prepared synthetically. Is used as a substance that reduce pain (analgesic) in medicine as well as in the flowering for sweets and gyarettes

Menthol is a monocyclic, saturated secondary terpenne alcohol with the formula state below and it contains three (starred in the formula)

*

OR

*

CH

Asymmetric carbon atoms compensated and light optically active forms . the only forms encountered in nature are the L_menthol and D_neomentholfound as the most important is C_menthol found as the main constituent (50_ 65%)in peppermint oil .

EFFECT ON MICRO – ORGANISATIONS

This involves those raw materials that have the ability to destroy or inhibit the action of micro_ organisms on the skin and some what soothing to the skin . the antiseptics performs the activity example are like the menthol ,irgasan BP 300, pherol etc when added to the talcum or zinc _oxide during its production brings Avery powerfulpeppermint odour

Hence , when the Antiseptic powder that’s having the menthol or phenol or irgasan 300DP in it touches or reaches the skin or part of the affected part make it feels cool or the tense or painful or affected part of the skin feel more comfortable when it is applied on it .

PERFUME :

In the production of powder, these materials assist in impacting of odour that is pleasing to the skin. Examples of perfumes triclosan, Geraniol, Citronellol, etc. This makes powder to be attractive to men with respect to its smell. But in baby powder, deodorants are added so as to control the odour.

Perfumes plays important role in the sales potential of the powder products due to its men irritating ability to the consumers.

Perfume is a solution of pleasant smelling materials in solvent, usually alcohol plus water. A single scent would be rather boring .The mixture usually contain very volatile scent for the irritial top mate4, less volatile scents for the sustained aroma and persistant scents for final end mate. Fixatives alter the rates of vaporization and hence the sustained scent development.

There are thousands of plants wit6h irritating aromas-bud (clovers), flowers (roses, gardenia), fruits (apple), leaves pelargonium, mint, “green notes”), barks (cinnamon), seed pod (vanilla), seeds (carofamon), Roots(Derris, camplor). They are typically extracted from the whole macerated, or ground up natural source with pure alcohol. Add the chemist reaction flask for almost anything irriginable . Fixatives are ambergris civet and other animal musks synthetic musks.

STARCH:

Starch is a polysaccharide with a relative molecular mass of 15,000 to 300,000. It is composed of thousands of repeating glucose unit s linked together to form a giant branched molecule.

Starch occurs naturally in most plants as a storage carbohydrate for example Maize, Yam, Rice, Wheat and either cereals. They are all used as a source of starch usually in the form of flour in different parts of the world.

PREPARATION OF STARCH.

The raw material used, for instance cassava tubers are first of all crushed to break the plant cells and release the starch granules. The crushed pulp is then mixed with water to extract suspension of starch

The water from the resulting starch suspension is eliminated either by evaporation or centrifugation. In some countries, the water is decanted off thus leaving the residue behind. Then the water content of the residue (starch) is reduced to acceptable level by drying it in a dryer .

And at this stage, the starch product obtained is in powder form.

PROPERTIES OF STARCH

i. It is a white powder

ii. It has no taste and no smell.

iii. It is insoluble in water.

iv. An aqueous suspension of starch if warmed forms a colloidal solution that later set to gel on cooling.

v. It is hydrolyzed by dilute acids to yield a mixture of dextrin which is a shorter chain intermediate product, disaccharides mainly maltose further hydrolysis will yield glucose.

vi. It has bacterial decomposition problem and for this reason, calcium carbonate is used in place of it.

1. It has both bloom and absorbent properties.

TESTS FOR STARCH

When a few drops of iodine are added to some boiled starch a dark-blue colouration, which disappears on heating and reappears on cooling, confirms the presence of starch.

USES OF STARCH.

1. Industrial production of powder due to:

i. It is less expensive

ii. It is readily available

iii. It has smooth feeling

1. Starch is used as food because of its carbohydrate content.
2. It is used industrially for the production of ethanol and glucose.
3. It is used in textile industries and in laundry as a stiffening agent due to its sill and colloidal properties when cold or heated.