LTERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter talks about the theoretical background of my study explains the technologies required for a web based application and also reviews the related literature of the project.
2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
As we all know that necessity is the mother of all inventions. The need to share information in a so called “global network” and man’s desire to communicate from long distances called for the birth of the World Wide Web (formaly known as APRANET) with the advent of the internet, many of the mundane tasks and businesses that people conducted were made feasible. Things like buying and selling various product can now be done online. The consumer no longer needs to move from his location. A few clicks from his mouse will suffice enough to do the job. You can now also earn a degree by taking an online education.
It is no wonder that booking hotel rooms can now be done in a more convenient way today. If a certain traveller is planning to visit a foreign place, it would be hard for him if he does not have a hotel or residence to reside in that country. Before , booking for a certain hotel room required a long processes such as talking to a hotelier either in person or through the phone. Just imagine the disposition of the hotelier is multiple clients came to ask questions about reservations at the same time. Through an online hotel reservation system, hoteliers and travelers will both be benefitted. Hotels have minimal need of travel agents to look for clients because information about their business establishment is richly available online.
2.2.1 TECHNOLOGIES REQUIRED FOR THE WEB APPLICATION.
The following technologies are required for the web application of an online hotel booking system.
HTML- Hypertext Markup Language
CSS- Cascading Style Sheet
PHP- Hypertext Preprocessor
My SQL- My Structured Query Language
SQL- Structured Query Language
JAVASCRIPT
HTML : HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE
This is a standard markup language used to create web pages. Web browsers can read Html files and render them into visible and audible webpages, it describes the structure of a website semantically along the cues for presentation, making it a markup language, rather than a programming language. It allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms.
Basic Structure Of An Html:
Document type < HTML></HTML>
Tittle <TITTLE></TITTLE>
Header <HEAD></HEAD>
Body <BODY></BODY>
It begins and ends with <HTML> i.e < HTML></HTML>. Here , <HTML> indicates the browser and </HTML> tells the browser that html document is completed.
TITTLE TAG : <TITTLE></TITTLE> Anything written between the tag is not displayed on the screen but it’s used to identify the webpage
HEADER TAG: <HEAD></HEAD>. It only contains the tittle tag in it, it doesn’t contain any text.
BODY TAG: <BODY></BODY> This is the main part of HTML document. The content which is to be displayed on screen as webpage should be written here. It contains the text as well as various tags but only the text will be displayed.
CSS – CASCADING STYLE SHEET
This a style sheet language used for describing the look and formatting of a document written in a markup language. It can be used to change the style of webpages and users interfaces written in HTML. It is a cornerstone technology used by most websites to create usualy engaging webpages user interfaces for web applications and user interfaces for many mobile applications. It is used to enable the separation of document content from document presentation, including elements such as the layout, colors and fonts.
How CSS Can Be Used In A Program
It can be applied to HTML or XHTML using three methods ; linked ,embedded and inline.
LINKING: <HEAD>
<link rel = “stylesheet” type = “text/css”
Href =”style.css”>
</head>
EMBEDDED: <head>
<tittle> example web page </tittle>
<style type = “text/css>
P{
Font weight: bold;
}
</style>
</head>
INLINE: <div style = “fond – weight: bold ;
Color: red ; “Bold Font </div>
PHP – HYPERTEXT PREPROCESSOR
This is a server – side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a general purpose programming language. PHP code is usually processed by a php interpreter usually implemented as a web servers native module or a common gateway interface (CGI) executable. It has also evolved to include a command line interface (CLI) capability and can be used in stand alone graphical application.
Basic Structure Of A PHP ( Named calendar php)
<html>
<head><tittle> Event calendar</
Tittle></hand>
<h1> This month Events </h1>
<?php
Echo (“the calendar goes here”);
?>
</body>
</html>
MYSQL – MY STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE
This is a relational database management System, it is used in web application.
SKELETAL ILLUSTRATION OF HOW TABLES CAN BE RELATED
SQL – STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE
This is a special purpose programming language designed for managing data held in a relational database management system. It consists of a data definition language, data manipulation language and data inserts, Query, Update, and Delete Schema creation and modification and access control. Although it is a declarative language, It also includes procedural elements, it has language elements like ; classes, expression, predicate, queries, statement, insignificant white space.
INSTANCES OF HOW TO USE INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT
They are all used for data manipulation
The Select Into. It modifies data. It is considered to be outside of dml
Insert … into . It is a command to insert a row into table employees. Insrt into employees(first name, last name, fname) values (“john capita’,xcapita) inserting additional data to the database
Update .. This command is used for data updating information of a database. Update..into employees(marital status) used to update information about an entity in the database.
Delete .. from.. It is a command used to delete a row from table employee, delete .. from employees(date of birth) deleting data from the database.
JAVASCRIPT-
Also known as ECMA script. It is a dynamic programming language commonly used as part of web browsers,whose implementation allow client side script to interact with the user, control the browser, communicate asynchronously,and alter the document content that is displayed. It is an assembly language of web. It is a prototype based scripting language with dynamic typing and first class functions. This features makes it a multiparadigm language supporting object oriented imperative and functional programming style.
An example of a javascript
Multeor – written in plain javascript. It is a web game string prototype. Trim =
Function (
§
Return this
Replace (|^ls*.~)
Replace (^st$l,~);
§
*used in PDF file.
2.3 LITERATURE REVIEW
The application of the internet in the business world has become a major trend in practice and generated a hot stream of research in the recent literature. Hotels are also aware of this trend in the internet and also chose to adapt to the innovations.
Bituin Abi, (August 2010), 6 58 Apartelle Online Reservation System. Short term
Base lodging is the main reason that a hotel has been established. In the Philippines, wherein many foreign people go and have a vacation hotel is always their first destination to have relaxation after long hours of travel in an airplane. Because of the rapid increase of foreigners visiting the philipine for vacation, a common sight is the establishment and sophisticated hotels for competitive advantage. The current problem observed is the manual guest list records the manual reservation of guests, the manual booking of rooms for the guests which takes along time to accomplish. This is not only a database for guest list, but also an online reservation system.
Fernandez , E & Yuan, X (1999). An Analysis Pattern for Reservation and Use of
Reusable Entities. An analysis pattern for reservation and use of reusable entities is an article that focuses on the pattern for making a reservation for hotel. This article is written by ferdinandez and Yuan. First it goes through the problem then solution, requirements and consequencies. The article is supported with some diagrams that made the understanding more clear. The problems occur when the users needs to reserve a hotel room or a vehicle for the system needs a table for hotel rooms and vehicle in order to avoid duplicated reservation so the system has a table for reservation.
In the solution, the article describes the use case in making reservation, in this case, the user make research for available demand by using date when the demand is available, the customer can then reserve. This system can be used for flight reservations, it can record the history of reservation but might differ in environment, and also differ in the people responsible in reservation, flight for guest, hotel for the receptionist
Hotel Shangin La, Singapore(http://www.shangin.la.cond) is one of the hotel
Chains for Shangrila cooperation. The official website for Shangrila Sentosa, Singapore is very powerful website, which consist for many useful functions. Its purpose is to provide hotel information and online room reservation. Visitors can also get the rooms information from this website.
Hotel Swiss – Garden Kuala Lumpur(2008): The main function of hotel swiss
Online reservation system is to provide hotel information and online room reservation can get hotel information such as location of hotel, room rates, room description and hotel facilities. Its process requires guests to fill their detail in reservation form. The reservation is guaranted by giving the credit card details or by cash deposit. The content of the website is upto date with no grammatical or spelling mistakes. They also listen to the feedback from customers in order to enhance the quality of hotels services.
Lagman D, (September 2012), Lan –Based Reservation System For Hacienda
Gracia Resort and Hotel. A resort is a place used for relaxation or recreation, where visitors are being attracted to take their holiday or vacations. It refers to places, towns or sometimes commercial establishment operated by a single person/company, while a hotel offers paid lodge for a short term. They introduced this system with a billing system for Hacienda Gracia Resort and Hotel to improve its reservation and billing system.
Lauesen . S, (2003), Task Description as Functional Requirements, IEEE Computer
Society. The author wrote a paper to describe the functional requirement for hotels and the hospitals, these functional requirement indicates what the system shall do, data requirements indicate what it shall store and quality requirement how quickly or how easily it shall perform. This article focuses on functional requirement which usually described a systems input, output and relationship between the two. The article has three Unified Modeling Language, use case diagram between the receptionist and the hotel system. Also, the article includes figures, each figure describes subtasks. The first figure is a task description for a hotels reception work area. The second figure is a tasks and support description of hotel check in and last figure describes high level tasks for innovation and business process redesign.
This system is similar to our system in the solution that is going to provide to the users, such as finding a room for a guest and receive service.
Louw, Door Janne.(2006, May 10), Description with UML Hotel Reservation
System. Developed a hotel management system that can be used online, this system allows a guest to do their booking online by themselves. Some of the task that the system can do are providing a query for arriving date and the length of staying, providing the number of rooms, view all available rooms and provide the user the ability to choose two or more of them, recording kinds of guest and how many they are going to be a room, providing the cost of booking, asking the users if they want additional service, such as dinner or breakfast, storing the guest details , asking the user for confirmation, final confirmation views with the detail of booking and the guests can review or cancel the booking. He went ahead to show the relationship between end-user and the web server and how the interface starts and the application is done step by step, and also the relationship between the user and the screen.
Stuart (1995) in a study tittled “ International Reservations System” Their strategic
And operational implications for UK hotel industry. It comprise of the use of three questioneir surveys of the use of computer reservation
Systems and its contributions to hotel group and the prevalence of
Internet.
The Philippine Digital Strategy Transformation 2:0 Digital Empirical Nation 2011)
Its main objective is to have a competitive society where everyone has a reliable, affordable and secure information access. Online hotel reservation system is an easy to use arrangement that enables agents and guests to reserve rooms directly via the internet once they have confirmed availability of rooms in accordance with the urinary. It is a brilliant and efficient software and its easy and uncomplicated to use. It grants complete authority and power on hotel or motel room booking over the internet.