AN ASSESSMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT OF GARBAGE COLLECTION AND WASTE DISPOSAL

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 EMPIRICAL REVIEW

This research focuses on household waste management with the concept of sustainable development. Sustainable development is a concept which is originated in the 1970s when developed world undertook massive development project in terms of cutting and clearing forests and constructing high rising buildings and spacious highways. This concept began to think about in the 1970s then brought to Brundtland Commission Report in 1987 by United Nations. Sustainable Development defines as development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs (Brundtland Commission Report, 1987).

One cause of waste problem in a country, including Nigeria and Malaysia is due to increasing population. With the increasing population, the consumption activities that generate waste also increased. It is required the handling of government and community participation in household waste issues.

There is drastically increase on waste every 10 years in Malaysia since 1970 until 2006 and organic waste has the biggest amount on waste generated in Malaysia.

Malaysia government made some way in addressing the waste problem. Until the late 1970s they used simple way to manage the waste, at that time the local district health offices only clean up the streets of waste and was brought to the open dumping facilities have been provided.

Along with increasing waste generated later in the 1990s, government takes the initiative to privatize the handling of waste management. In addition, the government also conducted a campaign to Malaysian society about cleanliness and public health such about waste and its problems. The objective of privatization is providing an integrated, effective, efficient, and technologically advanced solid waste management system.

But without public participation, the program will not be performing well.

In 1988, the government introduced the Action Plan for a Beautiful and Clean (ABC) Malaysia, and recycling campaigns. Campaign program is going well, which is marked by the results of a survey in 1999 that 59% of respondent were moderately aware with some basic knowledge and were mildly alert to the management of solid waste [1]. Campaign can be one tool to give sense to the public about the waste and its problem.

In order to manage solid waste in Malaysia, the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007 (SWPCM Act 2007) was passed as law in 2007. The Act is administered by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government. This Act is focused on public cleanliness management through 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle). Producing vermicompost is one of the ways Malaysian to reduce the volume of organic waste.

2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Handling of waste through reduce, reuse and recycle can increase the resource productivity. In this case the waste is something that has value in order to serve as a resource for other products. With the increase in resource productivity can reduce the use of natural resources and reduce waste. If that framework could be realized it could lighten ecological damage, promote environment friendly and sustainable society.

Figure 2-1. Theoretical framework of the study

Descriptive methodology has been applied in this research. The data from books, laws on household waste management and waste related law, government working paper and journal articles are analyzed.

2.3 CURRENT CONDITION OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE IN NIGERIA

Nigeria is an archipelago with a population of 180 million by the year 2010, according to central statistical agency. The population is increasing year by year with the growth rate 1.2 % per year (World Bank, 2009). The growth of population is uneven, but concentrated in urban area. By 2020, the estimated urban population in Nigeria will reach 50% of the total population. It means that activities carried out by citizen such as waste will increase too. Besides increasing population, economic development and urbanization also led the increase of waste. With economic development, the level of social welfare also improves and it affects the pattern of consumption that can lead to the increase waste of produced by community.

One of the environmental issues faced by Nigeria, therefore, is the problem of waste. We need to recognize what is waste, then what is waste management, how the waste is produced, also about the condition of waste in Nigeria, in order to handle the waste problems.

The first is about understanding of the waste:

Based Waste Management Law, waste produced by human is a result of residual activity from human and or natural processes that form solid.

Solid waste is unwanted material, a by-product of production and consumption abandoned within state limits for whose safe disposal, government agencies are responsible.

Waste according to the Basel Convention: Wastes are substances or objects which are disposed or are intended to be disposed or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national laws.

Waste according to The United Nations Statistic Division: Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is products produced for the market) for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes of production, transformation or consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose. Wastes may be generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and other human activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are excluded.

Based on some understanding above, in my opinion waste is residual of living

organisms in the form of solid or liquid which is not desirable, but along with an increasing amount of waste, it can be treated as the main raw material of other goods so it could reduce the amount of waste. While household waste is waste generated by households considering the production process to consumption in the form of solid.

After considering about waste then now is formation of waste. Waste’s formation process starts from the production process. There is the relationship between the production and consumption processes regarding waste. It begins as an item or goods that are produced by the manufacturer through the production stage. Then the goods are marketed to the public through the marketing stage. After that people consume these goods until eventually the rest of the usage becomes waste. Figure 3-1 shows the flow of household waste.

Starting with potential generation stage, there are several factors that led to the emergence of waste, namely product development, consumption behavior, control of waste and living practice. The manufacturers must assume the responsibility for the environmental impacts of their product. They are responsible for their products and also the packaging of the products, one of the methods taken by manufacturers is through EPR (Extended Product Responsibility). It is voluntary measure for the manufacturers. They should take responsibilities for their product’s life cycle that is from the time the raw materials where they are extracted, transformed and distributed to consumption, through the end use and final disposal phase. Figure 3-1: flow chart of waste

Consumption behavior is also one of causes that generate waste. It would be better if we buy only things that we really need, so that goods can be used in a longer period of time and not being thrown away easily as garbage. As consumers we should be responsible for what we use by participating in waste management such as separation of waste from the resources.

We are as a consumer should separate household waste according to the type of waste. As for producers, they should also pay attention to the laws and regulations concerning waste produced by enterprises that have been made by government. The government also could provide education to the public in order to increase awareness about waste.

The next stage is waste generation. In this phase all of the products that have been used become waste and it is collected by companies and communities. It means that all of them, companies and communities should treat their waste by themselves. If a company produces an item and eventually become waste, then the company should be responsible for such waste. As well as if a community produces garbage then they should treat it through recycling or other programs. While for the waste generated by households should also be done treatment, such as waste separation by type from the resources, or they should be reused or recycled in order to lessen the waste.

Discharging waste in this stage is the management or treatment performed by stateities. They could do some method in order to manage the waste. For example they separate the recyclable collection between organic and non organic waste. Then another method that can be done by stateity is composting, 3R program, making waste become fuels, etc.

After understanding how the waste is formed through the picture and descriptions above, then we need to know the real situation of waste in Nigeria, particularly solid waste. In this part I provide data on the current condition of domestic solid waste in Nigeria. This data refers to statistical data released by the Ministry of Environment in 2008, titled “Nigerian Domestic Solid Waste Statistics” which discusses about:

• waste management authority
• Waste generation
• Waste collection and waste handling system
• temporary disposal site
• waste transportation vehicle
• final disposal site
• waste treatment facility
• recycle activity
• regulation
• financial aspects
• The last one is public participation.

The Ministry of Environment conducted the survey in 33 provinces in Nigeria and categorized the areas into six groups, namely metropolitan/big city, Sumatera, Jawa, Balinusra (Bali and Nusa Tenggara), Kalimantan, and Sumapapua (Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua) and it is conducted in 2006. In addition to statistical data, the environment ministry has also issued the environmental status of Nigeria every year. It contain statements about the environment in Nigeria, one of them is about waste condition.

1.5 WASTE MANAGEMENT in NIGERIA

Waste Management Authority

The number of employees involved in waste management authority and the private party involved in waste management is mentioned in Figure 8 and 9.

Figure 3-9. Employee involved in waste management authority

Source : Nigerian Domestic solid waste statistics, p. 3, MoE 2008

In the implementation of waste management, should be involved multiple stakeholders such as central and local government, private institution and public participation.

In urban area, stateity recruits several types of employees in order to handle waste treatment. The largest percentage was Street Sweeper then followed by handcart labor, truck driver, final disposal waste officer, administration officer and others. Looking at these data would be better if the Stateity increases the number of employees in the final disposal officer, because this section is also a vital part in waste management. In addition to increasing the number of employees, the government should provide the employees with knowledge on waste management which is environmentally friendly.

Figure 3-10. Private party involvement

Source : Nigerian Domestic Solid Waste Statistics, p.4, MoE, 2008

The role of private parties is also required to assist the government in solving the garbage problem such a case in Jakarta. Jakarta Sanitation agency will ask the private sector to run the garbage processing center. The tenders would call for bids to expand processing capacity at waste management plants in Marunda and Sunter, North Jakarta; and in Cakung-Cilincing, East Jakarta; Jakarta Sanitation Agency chief Eko Baruna said on Wednesday.

Financial Aspect

A financial aspect is indispensable for handling waste. In this respect, local government takes responsibility for managing the fund for waste handling. Besides, there is retribution that charge to the community within the scope of neighborhood (RT or RW) and sometimes it is determined by type of house, construction purposes and half of the retribution is conducted directly by RT/RW.

Source of financial and expenditure

Table 3-8. Total of Expenditure

Retribution

The Waste Management Law no 18,2008 regulates about financing matter on chapter 7 articles 24. It is stated that central government and local government have an obligation to finance the waste management process through state or local budget revenue.

Figure 3-11. Base of Retribution Rate

LEGAL BASIS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY in NIGERIA

LEGAL BASIS

Environmental problems, especially waste problem is the problem facing the world especially Nigeria. Discussion about the environment and sustainable development has been carried out. In 1983 the Brundtland Commission was convened by the United Nations. The commission created to address growing concern about the accelerating deterioration of the human environment and natural resources and the consequences of that deterioration for economic and social development (Wikipedia). The report mentioned that sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Then in 1992, Agenda 21 was adopted in Rio de Janeiro. Agenda 21 is the action plan of the United Nations for sustainable development. It is a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the United Nations System, Governments, and Major Groups in every area