CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

One of the promising developments of the twentieth century in inter-state relations has been the proliferation of international organizations. Due to the need for peaceful co-existence and relation and prevention of wars and conflicts amongst countries of the world with one another, and after some noted reasons which crises and wars were among them stimulated the establishment of international organizations in the world. As a result of this threat to global peace, nations of the world due to the horrorful event of the World War 1, decided to establish international organizations in 1919 which was the League of Nations to help maintain international peace and security as well as preventing the outbreak of another world war after the First World War of 1914-1918. The League failed to maintain this peace and that led to the outbreak of the Second World War of 1939-1945.

From the earliest stages of World War II people everywhere assumed that some kind of world organization would be established after the final victory of the Allied powers. The statesmen of the West hoped that the nations would profit from the League experience and that the generation which had reaped the bitter fruits of the wars, a worldwide depression, mass extermination on a scale unprecedented in history, and threats to human freedom everywhere would be more earnestly committed than ever before to the building of a stronger and more equitable international order in which a new world organization would play a central role. The organization which emerged was, of course, the United Nations.

The United Nations since its inception on 24th of July 1945 has done its best to remove the threat on peace and security amongst nations of the world in the international arena till date. The Charter of the United Nations clearly reveals the purposes and general nature of the new organization (UN). This remarkable document contains more than ten thousand words, with 111 Articles divided into 19 Chapters (Palmer et al, 2010). Article 1 states the broad purposes of the UN: “to maintain international peace and security,” “to develop friendly relations among nations,” “to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all,” and “to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.” (Palmer et al, 2010).

International organization is a group of countries of the world coming together to solve the world’s problem collectively.

These international organizations comprises of both developed countries and developing countries as their members which UNO is a solid example.

The UNO is controlled by an Organ of the organization known as the Security Council. The Security Council is made up of 15 members

The UNO is an international organization established in the year 1945 after the World War II and comprises of only independent countries of the world and with the main objective of maintaining peaceful co-operation among states, to guarantee international peace and security, etc.

These international organisations are majorly headed, championed and controlled mostly by Developed countries of the world. The Developing countries who are members of the organisation too do not have a say in making decisions in the organisations, and in other areas that concerns the world at large. The Developing countries have been kept at the periphery of the international system, where they did not determine issues but merely took part in its discussion. They were not put at the centre of the international system but at the fringe. The developing countries only react to issues. The Developed countries continued to determine policies and attitudes of Developing countries by using the carrot-stick method. They also encourage the Developing countries to take loans and at the same time give them condition for using the loans. They decide who to be accepted and who not to be accepted as a member of the organisation which the security council of UNO is a vivid example, also barriers to trade resulting from domestic and external producer support, primarily in the form of subsidies, but also including, for example, export credits. In addition, those relating to indirect barriers to trade resulting from Developing countries’ lack of institutional capacity to engage in the global economy and in multilateral institutions (e.g., the World Trade Organization) on equal terms, to mention but a few.

It is in the light of this that this research work, hence seeks to ascertain the control and manipulation of international organisation by Developed countries.

To achieve the objectives of this study, the paper is divided into five interconnected chapters.

Chapter one deals with the background of the study, statements of the problem, objectives of the study, significance of the study, research questions, scope and limitations of the study, methodology and definitions of study.

The next chapter presents the review of relevant literature which is: origin of international organisations, definition and meaning of international organisations, the roles of Developed countries in international organisations and the impact of the control of international organisation by Developed countries on Developing countries.

Chapter three examines the relationship between developed and developing countries ranging from the meaning and definition of Developed countries and the categories of Developed and Developing countries.

Chapter four deals with the problems/challenges of Developing countries in major international organisations; while the final chapter examines the summary of the findings, conclusion and recommendations.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

The Developing or Third world countries are characterized by mirage of problems which have militated against the attainment of developmental-oriented governance. The most disturbing thing in the countries position with other Developed countries of the world in the various international organisations of the world and the various areas by which the Developed countries have or are controlling and manipulating the international organisations which include; first, the Developing countries have been kept at the periphery of the international system, where they did not determine issues but merely took part in its discussion. They were not put at the centre of the international system but at the fringe. The developing countries only react to issues. The Developed countries continued to determine policies and attitudes of Developing countries by using the carrot-stick method. They also encourage the Developing countries to take loans and at the same time give them condition for using the loans. They decide who to be accepted and who not to be accepted as a member of the organisation which the security council of UNO is a vivid example.

Developing countries are faced with the challenges of underdevelopment, poverty, bad economy among others which are traceable to some of the above mentioned factors.

Thus, this research work aims to inquire and analyse the areas Developed countries have controlled and manipulated the international organisation, what has been the impact of it on the development of third world countries, what are the factors that militates against mutual and equal relations between the developed and developing countries.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The study aims at assessing the control and manipulation of international organisations by Developed Countries.

The objectives of the study include the following:

a) To know the origin and meaning of international organisation.

b) To know the meaning of Developed and Developing Countries and their categories.

c) To examine the relationship between Developed and developing Countries of the world.

d) To investigate the roles of Developed Countries in international organisations.

e) To investigate the impact of the control of international organisations by Developed Countries on the Developing Countries.

f) To identify the challenges of Developing Countries in major international organisations.

g) To suggest possible measures to take in solving the problems of Developing Countries in international organisations.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

a) How did international organisations originate?

b) What is the meaning of Developed and Developing Countries?

c) Is there any relationship between the Developed and Developing Countries of the world?

d) What are the roles of Developed Countries in international organisations?

e) In what ways has the control of international organisations by Developed Countries impacted the Developing Countries?

f) What are the challenges the Developing Countries face in major international organisations?

g) What are the possible measures to take in order to solve the problems of Developing Countries in international organisations?

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study provides insight into the control and manipulation of international organisations by Developed Countries.

The study seeks to ascertain whether or not the international organisations have been under the control and manipulation of Developed Countries of the world. It seeks to understand the challenges that Developing Countries face in major international organisations as well as pinpointing the factors that have impeded the successful equality between the developed and developing countries in international organisations as well as identifying possible solution to them.

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

In the course this research, several factors posed a limitation to its success. Finance is one of the major factors that played a devastating role in preventing the researcher to use certain approaches and methods in the course of the study. Also, the researcher had a time problem because the available time was shared between academic work, domestic responsibilities etc, it was not easy to attain a perfect balance among these activities as such very little time was available for the conduct of this study.

Academic pressure and availability of material were among the limitations encountered by the researcher due to the combination of both classroom lectures and assignment hence the bulk of materials used were limited to the ones available.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will help researchers with more information on the control and manipulation of international organisations by Developed Countries. It will be relevant in assisting governments, individuals, businessmen, organizations and students in understanding the role of Developed Countries in different international organisations as well as the challenges faced the Developing Countries in major international organisations. It will provide relevant materials for students and other researchers undertaking similar research in various Universities and Research Institutes in both Developed and Developing Countries.

1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology deals with the different ways or methods the researcher applied in order to carry out the research as well as the instrument used for gathering the data.

The type of research methodology used in this research to gather data and relevant information is the historical research and the study will adopt descriptive method of data collection. This will involve the collection of materials from secondary sources, such as books, journal articles, magazines, published and unpublished articles.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

 CONTROL: To exercise influence over someone telling the person what to do and what not to do.

 MANIPULATION: To control, manoeuvre, exploit or persuade something or someone in order to achieve a purpose.

 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: These are sovereign states that have a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.

 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: These are nations with a less developed industrial base, and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.

 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION: This is an organisation established by sovereign state or private individuals drawn across nation states, with the aim of attaining or meeting specific political, economic, socio-cultural problems, challenges or needs.

TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE

TITLE PAGE i

CERTIFICATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

ABSTRACT v

RESUME vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii - viii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of the Study 1 - 4

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem 5

1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study 6

1.4 Research Questions 6 - 7

1.5 Scope of the Study 7

1.6 Limitations of the Study 7 - 8

1.7 Significance of the Study 8

1.8 Research Methodology 8 – 10

1.9 Definition of Terms 10 - 11

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 12

2.1 Origin of International Organizations 12 - 14

2.2 Definitions and Meaning of International Organizations 14 - 20

2.3 The Roles of Developed Countries in International

Organizations 20 - 24

2.4 Impact of the Control of International Organizations by Developed

Countries on the Developing Countries 24 - 26

CHAPTER THREE: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 27

3.1 Introduction 27

3.2 Meaning and Definition of Developed and Developing

Countries 27 - 45

3.3 Categories of Developed and Developing Countries 46 – 53

CHAPTER FOUR: CHALLENGES OF INTERNATIONAL

ORGANIZATIONS 54

4.1 Introduction 54

4.2 Challenges of ECOWAS 54 - 56

4.3 Challenges of United Nations Organization 57 - 65

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION 66

5.1 Summary 66 - 67

5.2 Recommendation 68

Bibliography 69 – 70