CHAPTER ONE

1.I BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In general, international organisation stands for membership group that operates across national borders for specific purposes. The idea of international organisation reflects the cooperative arrangement instituted among states, usually by a basic agreement, to perform some mutually advantageous functions implemented through periodic meetings and staff activities. The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations defines international organisation as “formal institutional structures transcending national boundaries which are created by multilateral agreement among nation states. Their purpose is to foster international cooperation in areas such as security, law, economic and social matters, and diplomacy.”

However, in the modern sense, an international organization, or more formally intergovernmental organization (IGO), is an organization, such as the United Nations, European Community or the WTO, with sovereign states or other IGOs as members. Such organizations function according to the principles of inter-govern mentalism, which means that unanimity is required. The European Union is however an exception to this rule in some areas. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are private organizations that can also be international in scope. Generally, and correctly used, however, the term “international organization” is reserved for intergovernmental organizations only. It is in this sense that the term “international organization” is used in this project.

In the past, only states were principle actors in international relations, however during the second half of the twentieth-century statesmen, politicians, scholars, and private individuals became aware that certain problems can only be resolved at a global or regional level beyond the limited range of national borders. These problems facing the international community of states include significant risks such as war, weapon of mass destructions, poverty and hunger, environmental damages, contagious diseases, terrorism, organized crimes, etc.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

This project surveys theoretical, legal and political issues confronting international organizations. The historical aspect of the development of international organizations, their diversified roles, and the effectiveness with which they perform their assigned functions will be examined. In addition, we will be exploring various theories that attempt to explain and evaluate international organization as a process and as a series of institutional mechanisms that relate to issues such as international security, environmental problems and humanitarian intervention.

1.3SIGNIFCANCE OF THE STUDY

This study of international organisations, offers a comprehensive introduction to the theory, history, and practice of international organisations. Through an in-depth and interdisciplinary examination of these frequently misunderstood international institutions, the course introduces students to key themes in the field of international relations.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

International organizations also differ in its scope of functions, membership and membership criteria. In terms of scope, international organisations perform a varied number of useful functions within the state system. Their chief function is to provide the means of cooperation among states in areas in which cooperation provides advantages for all or large number of nations. They not only work as a platform to take cooperative decisions but also the administrative tool for translating the decisions into action. They also provide multiple channels of communication among governments so that areas of accommodation may be explored and easy access will be available when problem arise.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The primary focus is the nature, scope and importance of international organisations with special reference to their classification and role in the present global scenario. After going through this reviewer’s or students should be able to:

•know the meaning, nature and scope of international organisation

•differentiate between the different types of international organisations

•analyse the importance of international organisations in a highly interdependent and inter connected world of today.

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Scholars, politicians and citizens worldwide ask questions that address the nature and behaviour of international organization? Who created international organizations and why? Whose interest do these organizations serve? How do their activities affect individuals, groups and societies? What is the future of international organizations in the twenty first century? How could international organisation have a significant effect upon global politics?

1.7 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

The importance of international organisations has increased in the present inter-connected and inter-dependent world. The increasing interdependence forced the modern state to search the areas of mutual advantage such as trade, communications, economic development, and world peace. Since the states must, in so many areas, cooperate, adjust, accommodate, and compromise to promote their common welfare, to solve problems not limited to national boundaries, and to lessen conflict, it is entirely logical for them to create and elaborate agencies of international organisations for these ends. It is also logical to assume that they will continue to be used by states as indispensable, though limited tools for a wide variety of purposes.

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This project retains its basic organization in that, in addition to the nuts and bolts descriptions of international organizations, it applies international relations theory to specific case studies to analyse and explain their behaviour. This allows students to understand international organizations from different world views.

Due to time constrain, effort, speedy understanding, determination and finance, it would cost a lot to understand the practices of international organizations perspectives on governance in the twenty-first century, some other files and document were considered confidential and were not made available.

1.9 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

(IGOs) Inter-governmental Organizations. (NGOs) Non-governmental organizations. (UN) the United Nations. (NATO) the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (EU) European Union. (Arab League) the League of Arabs States. (ICJ) International Court of Justice. (MNCs) Multinational Co-operation. (ITO) International Trade Organization. (MDGs) Millennium Development Goal. (IMF) International Monetary Fund. (UNDP) United Nations Development Programme. (NIEO) New International Economic Order. (UNCTAD) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (UNEP) United Nations Environmental programme. (WTO) World Trade Organization. (UNHCR) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (WHO) World Health Organization. (AU) African Union. (ECJ) European Court of Justice. (IDPs) Internally Displaced Persons. (IOs) International Organization. (WIPO) World Intellectual Property Organization. (UIA) Union of International Organization. (UNIDO) United Nations Industrial Development Organization. (UNICEF) United Nations Children’s Fund. (ILO) International Labour Organization. (HST) Hegemonic Stability Theory.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certification………………………………………………………… I

Dedication……………………………………………………………. II

Acknowledgement…………………………………………………III

Abstract…………………………………………………………… IV

Resume…………………………………………………………. V

Table of Contents……………………………………………. VI - VIII

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction………………………………………….……………….. 1

1.2 Background to The Study………………………………………………1-2

1.3 Statement of The Problems…………………………..……….………..2-2

1.4 Significance of The Study…………………………………..………….2-2

1.5 Scope of The Study……………………………………………….……2-3

1.6 Objectives of The Study……………………………………………….3-3

1.7 Research Questions…………………………………………………….3-3

1.8 Importance of The Study……………………………………………….3-4

1.9 Limitations of The Study…………………………….………….……..4-4

1.10 Definitions of Terms……………………………………………4-5

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introductions………………………………………………………………6-7

2.2 Definition of International Organizations…………………………….8-11

2.3 Kinds of International Organizations……………………….………..12

2.4 Intergovernmental Organizations………………………………..12-13

2.5 Non-governmental Organizations……………………………….. 14-18

2.6 Multinational Cooperations……………………………………. 18-22

2.7 Organizational Perspectives………………………………….. 22-23

2.8 Mainstream Theories and Approaches……………………… 23-24

2.9 Realism………………………………………………………. 24-28

2.10 Liberalism………………………………………………………28-31

CHAPTER THREE

PERSPECTIVES OF GOVERNANCE IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

3.1 International Organizations and law……………………………..32-33

3.2 International law…………………………………………..…….. 33

3.3 Sources of International Law……………………………………33-36

3.4 Roles of International Organizations…………………….…… 36-38

3.5 Security…………………………………………………….. 38-43

3.6 International Trade and Development………………………… 43-46

3.7 The Environment…………………………..……………………. 46-50

3.8 Human Rights and Humanitarian Issues…………….……….. 50-51

CHAPTER FOUR

GLOBALIZATIONS AND THE NATURE OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

4.1 Globalizations……………..…………………………………… 52-53

4.2 Challenges of Globalizations…………………………………….. 53

4.3 Global Governance…………………………………………… 54

4.4 The Challenges of Global Governance…………………………. . 55-58

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary……………………………………………..………. 59-60

5.2 Conclusions…………………………………………..………. 60-64

5.3 Recommendations………………………………………………. 64-70

Bibliography……………………………………………………….. 71