ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF COVID19 ON TOURISM IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

Our focus in this chapter is to critically examine relevant literatures that would assist in explaining the research problem and furthermore recognize the efforts of scholars who had previously contributed immensely to similar research. The chapter intends to deepen the understanding of the study and close the perceived gaps.

Precisely, the chapter will be considered in three sub-headings:

• Conceptual Framework
• Theoretical Framework
• Empirical Review

2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Meaning of Tourism

Tourism is the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities created and services provided to cater for their needs (Collins-Kreiner & Wall, 2015). Tourism was defined as people travelling abroad for period of over 24 hours (Vijaya, 2016). It involves the motivations and experiences of the tourists, the expectations of and adjustments made by residents of reception areas and the roles played by the numerous agencies and institutions which intercede between them (Collins-Kreiner & Wall, 2015). Tourism is multifaceted phenomenon which involves movement to and stay in destination outside the normal place of residence. Tourism brings in large amounts of income in payment for goods and services available, accounting for appreciable component of the world's exports of goods and services. It also creates significant opportunities for employment in the service sector of the economy associated with tourism. These service industries include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise ships, and taxicabs; hospitality services such as accommodations, restaurants including hotels and resorts; and entertainment venues, such as amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, music venues, and theatres. World Tourism Organization (WTO) as cited in Vijaya (2016) defined tourist as a temporary visitor staying for at least 24 hours in a country visited when the purpose of the journey can be classified under one of the following headings: i. Leisure - recreation, holiday, health, study of religion and sports or ii. Business, family, mission meetings. According to Tourism Society in Britain, “Tourism is the temporary short-term movement of people to destination outside the place where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at their destinations, including movement for all purposes, as well as day visit or excursions”. Tourism mostly depends on the range and types of accommodation available at the destination. Accommodation is a core of the tourist industry, and plays a distinctive role in the development of this ever-expanding industry. Tourism also tends to give support to local handicrafts and cultural activities; both in urban and rural areas. Expenditure by tourists has a multiplier effect and also generates considerable tax revenue for local economy. Tourism has become a major and an integral part of economic, social and physical development (Viyaja, 2016). It comprises complete system of nature, the universe, the space and the galaxy which includes the man and his activities, wildlife, mountain and valleys, rivers and waters, forest and trees, social and cultural system, flora and fauna, weather and climate, sun and the sea. Tourism is a service industry, consisting of transportation, accommodation and hospitality. The term tourism and travel are often used interchangeably though literally there is a difference. The tourism industry is a major sector of the economy of any nation. The constituents of the tourism industry are varied ranging from small scale businesses operating at local levels to multinationals. More over these different components are closely linked to each other. This linkage is there in spite of the competition within one set of constituents. The tourism industry is made up of the following; i. Hotel and hospitality—this includes lodges, resorts, tourist homes, guesthouses, restaurant and eatery among others. ii. Transportation services that include air, water, road, rail and foot. iii. Entertainment services that is casinos, social halls, churches and mosques. iv. Information services that is travel agencies, tour operators etc.

v. Government agencies for instance the Yankari game reserve, Obudu resorts and various National Parks in Nigeria. vi. Attraction services both natural and manmade. vii. Education and research, that is tertiary colleges and universities. viii. Stakeholders, that is shareholders, local community and the government.

An Over View of Tourism

Internationally, tourism and hospitality industry worldwide has been acknowledging as the fastest and growing economy in the world which generates US$1.3 trillion in 2012, this sum of money generated was on international travel alone (Babalola and Oluwatoyin, 2014; Baker et al., 2000). Most countries also enjoyed the wealth creation from tourism; tourism industry has been a major source of revenue to most countries like Hong Kong, Caribbean, Kenya, and South Africa (Esu, 2015; Sanni, 2009). Internationally, tourism and hospitality gave accounts of 33.3 per cent of global services trade for 25 years within the period of 1985 and 2010, it was also recorded that, there was one percent increase in operation in the industry than the gross domestic product (ILO, 2010). In 2015 international tourism receipt grew by 3.6% while international arrivals also skyrocket by 4.4% increase, United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, 2016) also experience massive increase in four continuous years in world merchandise trade, which gave a huge rise in shares and tourism export with 7% increase in 2015. International tourism export generated about $210 billion, through transportation service; visitors’ passengers generate $1.4 billion to $4 billion on tourism export on 10 average daily (UNWTO, 2016). According to the UNWTO secretary General Taleb Rifai said tourism today is a vital division on international trade, made this statement when addressing the 60th Regional Commission for Americas meeting which took place in Havana, Cuba. Notwithstanding, with the weak and slow economic recovery, international tourism grew rapidly in 2015 through spending, it demonstrate that tourism sector is relevant in terms of boosting the economic growth and development, creating jobs for her citizens, economic worldwide and stimulate exports. However, in 2015, international tourism shares increase on exports on goods and service from 6% to 7% (UNWTO, 2016). The central bank of Nigeria also makes emphasis that tourism industry is also a positive contribution that boost the gross domestic product of the country.

Based on past records, they gave account of tourism boost in the country, with the 2015 conversion rate of dollar, they generated over US$3 million in 1980, while in 1990 it generates over US$2 million, in 2000 it also generate about US$3 million, US$9 million was generated in 2004, the central bank of Nigeria gave an estimate of over US$12 million in 2006 (CBN, 2003, 2006), with these periodic year, tourism industry is booming, because of foreign investors, churches and little on festivals and carnivals (CBN, 2003, 2006). (UNWTO, 2006), made their analysis that US$56 million was generated from Nigerian economy through the impacts of tourism import and export, UNWTO stated that 75% of revenue gathered from international tourism expenditure on annual basics goes to hospitality services, for the purpose of recreation, leisure and holidays 11 has taken a big wedge of tourist expenditure Akpabio (2007), Babalola and Oluwatoyin (2014, p. 41) and ILO, (2010, p. 6). Tourism as we all know is the activity of travel, tourism started in the early 1950s, these period deals with the early forms of travel in the classical world and the middle ages as well as precursors of modern tourism. There was boom in the 19th century and unique expansion of tourism in the 1960’s that were characterized by new forms of holiday and experience shaped by globalization. Then the beginning of x1x century witnessed the elite tourism, and the emergence of specialized companies that cater for the special needs of tourists. Before the Second World War, was the mass social tourism, but after the Second World War tourism industry took a different shape for good, as it brought a massive social tourism with the establishment of tourism industry as a complex in disciplinary production of goods and services to tourists. It must be emphasized that the basis of segmentation of periods of tourism history is pursuance of the following criteria:

Technical and economic conditions, Social condition, the objective function of tourism at different stages of development. In the first phase of development of tourism, were the motives for travel trade, educational goals, pilgrimage and treatment. In the middle ages, Christianity and Islam played a prominent role in tourism, but during the period of renaissance (time of revival in Europe) the religious component of tourism weakened, but only the educational and cognitive motivations of travelers prevailed. The invention of the steamship (Robert Fulton in 1807) and George Stephenson in (1814) gave tourism the needed boost including the expansion of roads network in Europe. They made travelling cheaper and the reliable. In the middle of x1x century 12 shipping companies was available to lift tourist. The second phase of development of tourism in the community were the changing the balance of work and time to rest. In 1873, Germany was the first to introduce paid leave and this gave raised to less working time in favor of free time. During this period also hospitality industry spring up in Germany. In 1801 in Baden, Baden has opened a first class hotel “Badischer Hoff” in Switzerland in 1812. “Kiga-Westerli” was also opened in 1859. Grand Hotel Shvaytserhoff was built in Switzerland. Different luxury hotels were built during this period that aided the growth of tourism. In the 19th century tourism industry added values by introducing travelling agencies whose duties were to organize tourist trips and sales to the customers. The First World War and Second World War brought negative impact on the tourism industry but it later gave a boost to the industry as a result of Marshall (1945) plan to reconstruct Europe and therefore there was massive investment. After the Second World War, tourism became truly mass social as leisure began to sharpen human destiny and behaviors. Tourism in the modern world is characterized in different forms, connections and relationship that determines whether it is classified, that is, a homogeneous group of individual characteristics depending on the specific practical purposes. According to Robert Erbes in 1973 said tourism consumption is said to be manner from heaven for developing countries, because tourism brings about solution that the nations is having, solutions like foreign settlement, debt, more wealth creation for the country. (Robert Erbes 1973, p 1) also gave some insight how tourism is seen as 13 manner from heaven because it activities are visible, again it a manner from heaven because most of tourism activities are natural resources, it given to us by Mother Nature.

2.2 History of Tourism

Tourism as it were, made a bold entrance into the world lexicon with the foundation and experience of advanced countries who first understand the important of tourism in the advancement of the world affairs and enhancement of their economy and in pursuit of excellence, such countries as America, Britain, Israel, Canada and were in the first category, while countries like Egypt, Sandi Arabia, Kenya etc. embraced tourism as a result of emulation resulted from natural environment that should be exploited for the people. Even till now some countries in Saharan African are yet to have a blue print of tourism industry. The world has become a global village with each country in frequent touch with each other to do business. It is therefore, tourism industry that stimulates and energizes the economy, by way of providing comfort and business to a conducive environment, hospitality centers comes handy in this direction. Tourism expresses itself in different ways which includes cultural festivals, River tourism, Sites and Monument, Beach, Mangrove, Wild Life Park, Ranch, Turf, Caves, Mountains, Valleys, Pyramids, Holy Lands, Carnivals, Museum, Etc. Another angle to the historical background of tourism was anchored by Kevin Watson. In his account on the topic: A brief history of tourism, Kevin opined that tourism began about 2,000 years ago when wealthy citizens of Rome wanted to show off their wealth in spending their summer away from home. Kevin further opined that during the medical period, tourism interest appear high due to growing interest in pilgrimage. The organizers of pilgrimages arranged the tourist their basic needs and comfort. Tourism has turned out to be a very important industry in the modern age. In almost all countries of the world there are separate ministries of tourism. It is being developed to attract new and maintain old tourist which invariably attracts a lot of foreign visitors simulating the economy, creating jobs and avenues hitherto unknown. Indeed, tourism is a good source of foreign exchange for every country that can manage it effectively. Several newspaper agencies, journalists, scribes, radio and T.V reports and others connected with mass media to place and interesting matter for reporting purposes. Most tourists, in search of entertainment and exploration and adventure along with enhancement of their knowledge in various fields come in large numbers in good five star hotels ready to spend their money for food, lodging and comfort. According to the UNWTO (2016), tourism has experienced rapid growth which is now the booming economic sector globally. See also Figure 1. Present-day tourism is related to economy development which is also an avenue of growing new destinations, which is a key driver for socio-economic progress. With the help of tourism growth that has spread globally among developed and industrialized countries, it has produced employment and economic benefits in different cognate sectors, like from agriculture to construction or telecommunications. Tourism contributions to the economic, is based on the economic wellbeing, quality of the revenues and her resources. UNWTO also is a supporting factor which assists destinations to position their sustainability in the international and national markets; 15 the UNWTO (2016) gave an estimate how tourism industry is generating 10% of the world GDP, and generating US$1.5 trillion in export, 7% of world export, 30% of service export and one out of eleven employees are working in the tourism sector.

2.3 Impact of Tourism

Tourism has become one of the global industries which are now a paramount sector in most national economies. Since six decades ago, tourism industry has mastered continual growth, with that, is one of the fastest and the largest industries in the world at large (UNWTO, 2013). Tourism has been a great impact to the world at large and many countries who indulge in trading, recreational activities, shopping, cruise ship and many more. Economic Impact: One of the impacts of tourism, is economic development for developing and developed nations, it create job opportunity in the host country, when a destination has tourism products like good infrastructure, museums, hotels, natural park, manmade aquarium, beaches and so forth, all these began to create wealth for that country, beside the economic benefits, another good impact of tourism industry is that it has good positive effect to the host society, it affect the physical environment and the culture. According to (Crandall, 1987) opined that, tourism industry plays an important role to developing countries whose source of revenue and economy growth is solely on tourism receipts. However, previous research made by some profound authors, indicate that, the host residents are the essential key of tourism development, and with the support of the local residents who plays a vital role gives room for successful operations to sustainable tourism development (Harrill et al., 2011; Lee, 2013; Nunkoo and Ramkissoon, 2010). Social Impact: As most countries realize the impact of tourism growth to the economy, they also reckoned to improve the local residents quality of life with the benefits of socioeconomics, in which the host community brings, tourism brings quality of life, which means the wellbeing of the society, the quality of life are tax revenues, job opportunities, good health, education, family, wealth creation, finance and good environment (Jurowski and Gursoy, 2004). Nevertheless, previous research has indicated that the local’s percipience towards tourism is influenced by cultural, environmental and social factors and not only economic development (Deery et al., 2012; Kim et al., 2013). Another impact of tourism is that it has demonstrated a close bond with migration. Most migrant when they visit a country for the first time, most times get emotionally attached and with that, they will return back, most tourist that visit a nice destination, when they have another vacation, they will also return back because of the tourism products that is been render there, such vacation can be visiting friends and relatives, conferences, convention.

Ari Gamage Brian King, (1999), this study is mindful with the first migrants generation thus the terms where use to describe them as expatriate and non-expatriates, these terms where use to describe those kind of group as ethnic travelers, this ethnic travel was categories as travelling for visiting friends and relatives (VFR), because most travelers will keep in touch with their families and friends at the destination. With technological advanced world people from different part of the continent find it profitable and comfortable to travel around the globe with easy and pleasure. Unlike in the past when travelling was a bit difficult, tourists can now affordably and within a short time travel across the world in large numbers and comparatively safe. Tourism has become the fastest growing industry promoting Socio-cultural, economic and educational resources to the nations that cared to tap into it. Environmental impacts plays a vital role in tourism, whereby the quality of the environment both the manmade and natural is essential to tourism, furthermore, the relationship between environment and tourism is complex, because it has various activities that can have adverse environmental effects. The impacts of environmental are related to infrastructure such as airport and roads, tourism facilities, which are hotels, resorts, restaurants, marina and golf course.

However, tourism has good potentials on the environment, whereby it contributes to the environmental conservation and protection, which also create awareness of the environmental values which serves as a tool to finance the protection of the natural resources and it also increase the destination economic significance. Also apart from the positive impact the environment have, it also have negative impact, this negative impact can destroy the environmental resources.

2.4 Types of Tourism

Basically, tourism is an activity of travel and the fastest global sector in the world, the industry that create wealth, as tourist travels, they all travel for different reasons and purposes, people travel to different destination for the purpose of relation, leisure or business can be regarded as tourism and these types of tourism depend partly on the reason for travelling. People travel for different reasons some to see the world around them; some learn and see the culture of some people, some explore the world and follow the sinking stars. For these and many makes tourism differently.

2.4.1 Mass Tourism

Mass tourism is defined as tourism that organizes a large numbers of people or tourist to visit a destination for various purpose, like Muslims that go to mecca for prayers, likewise Christian go to Jerusalem for prayers, another good example of mass tourism, is those that goes in group for sport purpose, like the last Olympic that was held in Rio 2016. This type of tourism is profit-oriented and offers minimum understanding between the tourist and the host Dogan Gursoy et al. (2009). Mass tourism is also a holiday package that contains all-inclusive package which includes transportation, food and accommodation. According to Dogan Gursoy et al. (2009), states that, reason while tourist visit any destination it because of the natural or man-made resources which are sun, sea and sand. Furthermore, mass tourism is seen as unsustainable because it is unsatisfactory for the development of tourism, because in most cases the destination tends to suffer from massive pollution from these tourists.

2.4.2 Alternative Tourism

Alternative tourism is a tourism that does not deal with large group of people, it is 19 individually plan, it about gain experience about the host culture and her environment, this type of tourism focus on private areas and also the social, natural and the community values, in alternative tourism the tourist mostly book their own flight, alternative tourism also provides opportunities for the tourist and the host (Wearing and Neil 1999). Furthermore, alternative tourism facilitate the attractions for small groups according to (Newsome, Moore, and Dowling 2002) this small alternative tourism also have small negative effect on the social, natural and environment in collaboration with other sectors of the economy example like craft and agriculture. As the world celebrating the huge revenue and value added to life as a result of tourism activities, another angle to this success story is alternate tourism. Alternate Tourism is primarily related to the scale of development in terms of product, indigenization, and health interaction amongst people, local control and an attempt to bring back the lost art of travel. In this, content Williams (1990) has marked certain factors to be taken note of while fixing the criteria.

• Efficiency of and effectiveness of desired product output.

• Influences on regional economic growth.

• Influence on local residence quality of life.

• Use of locally available factors of production.

The interest of alternate tourism has led to emergence of specialist tour firms catering to the demands of a large number of market segments. Alternate tourism itself is not a type of tourism, but is rather a guiding principle involving Eco tourism, Green tourism, Farm tourism, Agri-tourism, Heritage tourism, Cultural tourism etc.

Cultural tourism is another fast rising industry in tourism sector, which showcases a nation’s cultural heritage. Many books and articles have also states that, cultural tourism focus on environmental and economic impacts to a destination Huh (2002). Africans by nature have a rich cultural heritage and different types of cultures identities. Dance steps in African and Nigeria in particular easily tell one from which part of the country such individual comes from. Therefore, the reason’s ones visit to a particular place is to get the fill of the history and cultures, this type is known as cultural tourism. Tourists may also visit different landmarks of a particular country like Ogbunike Carve in Anambra State in Nigeria or just to attend festival to learn about their believe and patience. Cruise tourism is another biggest wealth creation for tourism industry; which is generating rapid growth globally within the past decades Chin (2008). People who take part of this type of tourism are always the rich. In the year 2011, the total revenue generated and later contributed by the cruise ship worldwide to European economy mount to billion 36.3€ from billion in 3..2€ year 2010 (European Cruise Council, 2012).

According to CLIA (2008) cruise tourism in the Mediterranean area constitute 12% of the general cruise industry with Italy ranking. The cruise industry in Italy is concentrated in five districts example are Campania, Latium, Veneto, Liguria and Sicily, in 2010, 9.356 million where cruise ship passengers Risposte Turismo (2011). Nature Tourism is another types of tourism that focus on tourist who are interested in visiting wild life, are known as nature tourist. Their usual destinations in Africa are Kenya, East Africa in particular and in Nigeria-yankari game reserve. Eco and nature tourism are all parts of this kind of tourism. Nature tourism also includes bird watching. Ecotourism is also among the fast tourism sectors, which have an estimate growth rate between the ranges of 10 to 15%; it also classified has one of the largest tourism industries in the globe (Panos, 1997). Ecotourism is known as green tourism, conservation and sustainable tourism. Ecotourism is based on preservation on the environment, also enhance and enlightening visitation and travelling to those who seek pleasure in visiting natural areas and resources to appreciate and enjoy mother nature, ecotourism also promote conservation and have low impacts on the visitors, ecotourism brings about socioeconomic involvement to the local residents (CeballosLascurain, 1996). Religious Tourism is a kind of tourism that is meant for people who travel to holy lands to seek for GODs blessing and forgiveness.

Religious enthusiasts troupe yearly to holy lands, and the destinations of their choice. While Muslims particularly go to Mecca and Medina. Christians on the other hand go to Jerusalem while Hindus and the likes also undertake such journeys. Adventure Tourism, These set of tourists are those who engage in challenging activities such mountain climbing, rock climbing and wild water rafting. Recreation Tourism: This happens when people leave their place of abode to relax and just have fun. Recreational tourists are most often found at theme parks, beaches, camp grounds are likely places of visit. Pleasure Tourism: Due to day to day activities, people are stressed up and the need to 22 rejuvenate calls for pleasure tourism. People travel to refresh spirit, soul and body. In doing so, some engage in yoga workshop and detox vacation among others. Some even engage in sports to de–stress themselves, otherwise called sports tourism. As the 2016 Olympics is going on in Brazil, tourists target such places to seek pleasure, FIFA world cup, African cup of National are in such categories. Medical or Health Tourism: This type of tourism is relatively new in tourism industry. This is mainly focused in improving the health, physical appearance and fitness.

2.4.3 International Tourism comprises of inbound and out bound tourism, inbound tourism refers to those tourists that enter Nigeria from outside the country outbound refers to those that goes out from a country to another, like Nigerians that leave her motherland to Dubai to see the tallest building in the world. Another important tourism is domestic tourism, domestic tourism involve those travelling within the same country and therefore a person travelling from Abuja to Calabar to see Obudu cattle range is known as domestic tourists. Domestic tourism is recorded as 80% of tourism movement. Domestic tourism is very vital in most developed countries than developing countries.

2.5 Tourism in Developed Countries

Tourism is frequently rated as a vital industry in the worlds, which is contributing 9% of the gross domestic product (GDP) and also contributes to the total employment rate generated in WTTC (2011a). In the first stage of tourism development, it does not need top-level qualification in terms of labor and technology, tourism development in developed countries has direct significant in 23 economic impacts, these developed countries face sustainable and rapid economic growth which is indisputable, before a country or a nation can be called developed country it must be acknowledged by some renown agencies like NGOs, multilateral institutions, funders, tourism organizations and donors. Most of the least developing countries that has no commercial or added-value productivity with small professional populations selling her local physiography and culture which gives am impacts towards wealth generation and economic growth, if these resources are well managed it will boost the social and economic development. Tourism as an industry also played an important role in developed countries in terms of provisions of facilities and services, Carmen Padin, (2012), stated that tourism in developed nations play a vital role in terms of sustainability which is based on preservation and protecting of the landscape, protecting the nation’s culture and her natural resources. According to UNWTO (2016) tourism in developed countries increase tourist receipt by 3.6% which accounted to US$ 1232 billion and international tourist arrival was US$ 1.184 million which also have increased by 4.4%.

2.7 Issues/Problems in Tourism

All business has its good, bad and ugly side including tourism. Tourism has its fair share of being volatile industry. A great deal of industry is dependent on the leisure travelers. However, tourism does not compose only on leisure travelers, but also other groups such as business travelers, and those non-leisure travelers often act and spend in the same way as leisure travelers. Tourism and travel professionals know that their industry is exposed to political, health, and economic undulation. There ups and downs are outside of tourism and travel professionals control. As these forces 27 outside their control occurs, leaders in the industry find a way of managing the unforeseen contingencies. It has also been proved that as tourism bring better income and opportunities; it also has its drawback. Some drawbacks that affect the destinations, it can be environmental issue, climate change and social issues. Tourism problems faced by the environment most times have negative impact on the host country, according to Bruce Curry and Luiz Moutinho (1991) they opined that most havoc on the environment is cause by mass tourism; mass tourism deals with thousands of tourist who travel together and have same purpose. Environment suffers a lot from mass tourist or alternative tourism because these visitors don’t care about the environment they end up polluting it, throwing all kinds of waste to the beach and places in the destination. The environment in most cases are affected by tourists who come with different types or shape of plastic waste and bottles in which at the long run could be disruptive to the habitants of both the fauna and flora life circle. Some tourists with questionable life system both in dress code and bad manner could be transferred easily to young ones who take pleasure in emulation of foreign culture in an attempt to think same and act alike. The adverse effects of unfriendly environment acts affect the host community of which the consequent cannot be compensated in monetary terms. Another issues faced in tourism is the social area, when tourist visit a destination it also boost or pave way for prostitutions by the local residents. Tourist’s destinations are plagued with prostitution, this no doubt have dire consequences for the culture of the people, teenage girls whose income are poor and of poor parent, take the opportunity of easy money of tourists and fall prey to easily pregnancy and its consequences.

Clift and Carter (2000:271) also pinpoint Cuba as a destination where sex and prostitution tourism is flourishing. Another problem of tourism is climate change, in the past previous decade there has been increase in correlation between climate and tourism change. Some countries and business are influenced by climate change (Higham & Cohen, 2011; Schott, 2010) also various aspect of the environment is also affected by climate change such as biodiversity, environmental resources, snow depth and fresh water (Higham & Cohen, 2011), because of high threat of climate change and destitute adaptive capacity, those developing countries whose means of income and economic growth depends on tourism are probably to be affected by climate change (Schott, 2010). Political instability is another major issues face in tourism, when a nation is under distress of climate change, terrorism, violence and negative alliance, all these affect tourist wiliness from visiting that destination (Simpson, Gossling, Scott, Hall, & Gladin, 2008). The tourists themselves suffer and also face several difficulties in their quest for journey and stay in these foreign lands. Some of these include search for visas and duration of stay permitted by host country. Another and very important drawback is in the area of security. Nigeria in particular has kidnapping problem of tourist, mostly in the southern past. Tourist becomes easy target to kidnappers due to huge amount they intend to get as ransom. Many at times American and Britain government have had cause to issue visiting alert to intending travelers of area more venerable to attacks.

Nevertheless, in spite of dangers imposed, people have not stopped traveling as tourism has come to stay. 29 2.8 Challenges of tourism in Nigeria Nigeria tourism is at a slow pace due to various challenges faced by the industry, in areas of beaurecracy, before tourism development will take place it will pass through various sub sectors and offices, by so doing it will take a while before development will take place. Another area of concern is that, Nigeria tourism sector, employees are not motivated to work due to low salary, and long stress working hours, employees work 12 to 15 hours per day and are paid peanut, they begin to have family conflict, because they cannot balance work and family due to long hours of work. Problem of corruption has been institutionalized, whereby nobody sees it has a problem anymore, before job employment is given, you must be familiar with the employee, also when a plan is drafted to develop tourism, the leaders who are in charge of taking care of this funds, use it for their own selfish purpose.

Overview of Tourism in Nigeria

Nigeria as a nation is a multicultural country, which is also the most populated country in Africa with over 250 ethnic groups, who speak over 500 languages with it population of over 140 million (Dantata, 2011; Jakada and Gambo, 2014). Nigeria is situated in West Africa, sharing her boarders with Cameroon and chad in the east, Benin in the east and Niger in the north. Nigeria contains 36 states with her federal capital which is located in Abuja. In Nigeria, tourism and hospitality sector includes food and beverage, accommodation, adventure, travel trade, transport, event and conferences, attractions and tourism services, listed by Esu (2012, p. 279). Esu and Inyang (2009, p. 31) further discussed that, these sectors of Nigerian tourism can be classified in 3 subsystems which are destination subsystem, tourism retailing subsystem, and transportation subsystem, in which they gave examples of what comprise of these subsystem, for tourism retailing, it comprises of tour operator and travel agency, before a tourist want to come to any destination of their choice, the first step is to either approach travel agency or the tour operator to get their holiday package, packages includes flight reservation, hotel booking, safari tours or any other tours that the destination has, while transportation subsystem comprise of bus, car, airlines and cruise ships these are the tools that a tourist can use to access their way round the 51 destination they are going to, and for the destination subsystem involves attractions, conventions, accommodation, shopping areas, facilities, food service, recreational activities, festivals and sport. With the above subsystem, these are the main attributes every destination must have and these are the main tourism product apart from the experience it gives. In Nigeria hospitality industry, food and beverage sector are commonly considered as hospitality, hotels, restaurant and food service companies provides this at large extent. Nigeria also have multinational brands that provides food and beverage service in Nigeria such as Sheraton, Radisson (Blu and Park Inn), Transcorp Hilton, Best Western, Intercontinental Hotels, Accor (Ibis), and many more (Obinna, 2014). Other domestic and international brand includes Eko Hotel and Suites, Rock view, The Wheat baker Hotel, The Moor house, Novotel and Chida Hotels and many more are located in major cities (Jakada and Gambo, 2014). According to Jakada and Gambo (2014), gave their own view about hospitality sector, they said hospitality in Nigeria is a strong sector in tourism and travel industry, notwithstanding Nigeria is a country that is rich in oil production (Karatepe and Magaji, 2008; Karatepe and Olugbade, 2009), with her riches and natural resources, corruption has eaten away the business environment which is now seen as one of the most corrupt nation worldwide (Erondu et al., 2004; Okpara and Wynn, 2008). Apart from corruption, the global perception of Nigeria, Nigeria is now among top dangerous country in the world due to lack of security (Nzeako, 2014; Suleiman, 2010) with this global perception it has kill tourism growth in Nigeria, tourist no longer visit because they are scared of their lives, because of terrorism and now the economy is going into recession (Karatepe and Aleshinloye, 2009; Karatepe and Magaji, 2008). Nigeria tourism and hospitality industry is afflicted with major challenges like insufficient salary, long working hours, stress at work, gender inequality, and job insecurity (Adeyemi et al., 2006; Karatepe and Magaji, 2008). Another major challenge or issues face in the hospitality industry is the issue of overpriced charge by hotels, who deliver poor service and rated 3 star Sanni (2009), (Akpabio, 2007) also said is due to poor service quality while (Nwosu, 2008) suggested that, those services render have unethical behavior. Nigeria hospitality industry lack all the issues mentioned above, because most of the staffs are not qualified for the job, most of them have secondary school leaving certificate without no experience, even those with university degree don’t have discipline in hospitality, but because of connection which is man know man, jobs are been granted to them, with all these they will end up delivering bad service to guest. Despite the magnificent growth of tourism years back Dantata (2011) and Sanni (2009) indicate that another major problem with Nigeria hospitality industry is the problem of lack of law and guidelines for sustainable operations.

In other for Nigeria tourism sector to grow and be able to compete with other in the global market, her ethical problems must be reviewed and rephrase in other to achieve sustainable tourism development and vision 2020 objectives (Dantata, 2011). 4.1.1 Nigeria: The land of Ibos, Hausa, Yoruba and other: (I.H.Y.O) The country Nigeria came into existence with the amalgamation in 1930, Northern and Southern protectorate. The country was thither to administered separately; with the major dominate ethnic groups being the Ibos in the East, the Hausas to the North, the Yoruba’s in the West while many ethnic nationalities dot the whole land scape. Hausa, Ibo, Yoruba Languages are recognized, but English Language is mostly used in official transactions. Presently, the country has an estimated population of 184 million people in 2015. Nigeria population density is 199.9 people per square 53 kilometer. The total area of Nigeria is 923 770km2 according to the United Nations statistics division. It has 36 state structures with Chief Executive of each state being the Governor elected through popular votes. Nigeria practices Federal System of Government with the three arms of government the Executive, Judiciary and the legislature acting independently and co-coordinating with each other for the smooth running of the government, The Head of state being the commander of the Armed forces and Chief Executive with wide powers. While the Executive Arm of the government executes the law, the legislature enacts laws while the judiciary interprets the law. The country is mainly populated by Christians and Muslims.

While Christians are mostly from the middle belt to the south, the Muslims dominate the Northern part of the country with pockets of pagans and unbelievers. The weather in the country were planned by mother nature that it was so to say divided in such a way that both the rainy season and dry season have equal mouths to themselves. The people are very friendly and hospitable that everybody seems his/her brother’s keeper. Douglas A, .Phillips (2004). In Nigeria no government both at the center and at regional level can succeed without the co-operation of the traditional ruler which is believed to be closer to the people. These traditional rulers go by different named. In Calabar he is called the Obong, the Igbos calls theirs Obi, Yoruba call theirs Oba while the Hausas called their Emir. Although, many ethnic nationalities which spread across the length and breadth of the country also go by different names, such names include Gowon gwom for the Birons, Amanayabor for the Ibibio’s, etc. One major characteristic of Nigerians is that each segment that makes up the country 54 called Nigeria has its unique dance steps and customs. The dance steps can easily identify such an individual from he/she comes from.

Concept of Covid-19

Covid-19 is an infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus (World Health organisation – WHO, 2020a ). It is a mild to spartan respiratory sickness that is caused by a unique coronavirus and is transmitted basically by contact with the respiratory droplets on materials, surfaces, and objects by a causative virus and is branded mainly through cough, shortness of breath and fever, which may advance to lung inflammation and respiratory failure (Merriam Webster, 2020). It is a "highly infectious respiratory" illness caused by a distinct coronavirus (Dictoionary.com, 2020). Some cases of Covid-19 are mild; however, it can cause illness that becomes serious, leading to death. The mortality rate also associated with Covid-19 suggests that the virus is more deadly than influenza. Officially, WHO on February 11, 2020, named the novel coronavirus Covid-19. COVID here refers to the short form of coronavirus disease, while the number 19 is an indication that the disease was first detected in humans in 2019. The novel coronavirus can also be abbreviated as nCOV. Most infectious diseases are identified based on their symptoms (Osuchukwu, Agba & Emeh, 2017); however, common symptoms associated with Covid-19 are sore throat, fever, congested nose, muscle pain and chills. Others are breathlessness, headache, body pain, loss of taste and smell, and repeated shaking with chills (Medical News Today, 2020). Covid-19 symptoms are, therefore, similar to that of a common cold. Thus, coronaviruses belong to a large family of zoonotic viruses responsible for a range of illness, including common cold to severe acute respiratory diseases. The zoonotic family here, suggests that these viruses can be transmitted from animals to humans, and Covid-19 is the most novel to make such jump from animal to humans (Lab Manager, 2020). According to WHO (2020b), depression and anxiety are becoming common symptoms also associated with Covid-19.

Origin, Spread and Theories of Covid-19

Covid-19 also known as coronavirus disease was first detected in Wuhan, China on December 31, 2019 (Dictionary.com, 2020) on a patient Wei Guixan and by March 2020, the virus has spread to over 60 countries including the United States of America (BBC, 2020). Covid-19 started as an epidemic in Wuhan, China, because of its worldwide spread, WHO on March 11, 2020, declared the new coronavirus a pandemic (WHO, 2020c ). Covid-19 was labelled first as an epidemic because it has been spreading among many people in many communities, at the same time. It was upgraded to the status of the pandemic, indicating that the virus has officially spread across the world at alarming rates (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, 2020). Covid-19 is confirmed to have spread to more than 100 countries across six continents with 27,416,747 confirmed cases, 894,228 deaths as of September 9, 2020 (WHO, 2020d).

Covid-19 is common in animals such as cattle, camels, bats, etc. however, its transmission to humans is rare. Although some studies traced the virus origin to seafoods and animal market in Wuhan, it remains unclear how this new strain first spread from animal to humans. According to Beaumont (2020), the origin and spread of Covid-19 are "increasingly contentious”, with the United States of America and its allies alleging that China has not shown transparency about the outbreak of the virus. Consequently, several theories have emerged, the wildest and perhaps the populist suggests that scientists at the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV) (a biosecurity level 4 facility) and Wuhan Centre for Disease Control (a biosecurity level 2 facility) were involved in experiments with bat coronavirus, from where the nCov escaped and infected humans. Studies by Andersen, Rambaut, Lipkin, Holmes, and Garry (2020) however debunked this theory, by stating clearly that the genetic composition of Covid-19 irrefutably revealed that the virus “is not derived from any previously used virus backbone”. The second theoretical position suggests that Covid-19 is an accidental escape of the wild sample of the virus from Wuhan Lab because of poor safety practices. The theory argues that in 2018, the Washington Post expressed great concerned over insecurity and poor management of the Wuhan Lab to United States of America embassy officials who visited the lab. However, prove that the Lab or WIV is responsible for the outbreak is inconclusive and highly circumstantial (Beaumont, 2020). This is because, there are claims by some scientists that the WIV maintain comparable safety, quality, and transparent standards comparable to that of the United States of America and Europe. Despite these theoretical positions, the reality is that Covid-19 is spreading and is claiming lives across the world. According to Global Solutions (2020), nCov does not regard local and national boundaries in its spread.

Impacts of Covid-19: An Overview

The impacts of Covid-19 are grievous on individuals, families, and the socioeconomic fabrics of society. The intensity of nCov on humans and social institutions made United Nations Development Programme – UNDP (2020) to posit that the pandemic is the greatest global health crisis and a defining challenge the world has faced since World-War II. Covid-19 is moving like a wave crashing on those who are least able to protect themselves and cope. The pandemic is more than a health crisis since it stresses countries and has great potentials of creating devastating economic, social, and political crises. Similarly, Chakraborty and Maity (2020) observe that nCov is the most crucial global calamity of the 21st century. Covid-19 as of September 9, 2020, accounts for some 894,228 deaths globally (WHO, 2020d). Apart from deaths, the human consequence of coronavirus is enormous. As businesses shutdown to prevent the spread of Covid-19, job losses and financial concern become the first impact of the virus. Financial market, manufacturing, travel and hospitality industries, are among the most vulnerable, and their closure, affects SMEs and risk millions of jobs globally. For instance, the impact of Covid-19 on tourism and travel obstructs about 10 per cent of global GDP and some 50 million jobs worldwide. The selfemployed and employees working in the informal environment with least-pay are the foremost affected by the business closure (World Economic Forum, 2020). According to World Bank (2020), apart from the immediate impact of Covid-19 on health outcomes, it is crystal clear that nCov outbreak will have long-lasting socio-economic impacts worldwide. Sharp slides in domestic demand and supply of goods and services, is forcing many countries and regions to revised downward their GDP projects. Similarly, the International Labour Organisation – ILO (2020) observe that lockdowns adopted by countries and regions to mitigate Covid19 have vastly affected the production of non-essential goods and services. It accounts for the reduction in work hours and job losses globally. The fall in the prices of export commodity worldwide has weakened the economy of exporting countries and reduced employment in these sectors. Covid-19 is exacerbating existing global unemployment situation as it affects vulnerable workers, including women, older workers, workers in the informal economy, and the self-employed. Workers also affected by nCov are young workers, micro-entrepreneurs, migrant and refugee workers. Trade imbalance and the massive outflow of capital as a result of Covid-19 have led to huge currency devaluations making debt servicing and the import of essential goods and services an uphill-task for governments especially in developing economies (ILO, 2020). In the same vein, Covid-19 affect human rights and the rule of law worldwide. The fight against nCov requires restrict measures that infringe on human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the right to privacy and data protection. Covid-19 renders individuals and groups extremely vulnerable to cybercrime as authorities in many countries are unable to fully engage and detect malicious actors who exploit the current situation to their selfish advantage (Council of Europe, 2020). Covid-19, therefore, have a wide range of consequences far beyond the mere spread of the virus itself; it impacts on political institutions, education, equality, psychological, religious, human freedom, and the family. It accounts for the largest global recession in human history. According to UNESCO, Covid-19 alters the existing culture and our total way of life. It accounts for the closure of cultural institutions, World Heritage sites, and suspension of community cultural practices. It also obstructs cultural tourism worldwide.

Effects of Covid-19 on Tourism in Nigeria

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a catastrophic impact on the tourism industry. The tourism industry is driven by aviation, the cruise-shipping industry, accommodation, public transport industry, banking and financial sector, and the security industry. These drivers are considered as networking infrastructural facilities affecting the growth and development of the tourism industry. We are indeed by this analysis, creating logic and sense out of a situational challenge by “framing” it in some way (Schon & Rein, 1994 Cited in Hoppe and Colebatch, 2018).

Impact on Airline Operation

Air transport is a very important sector of the Nigerian economy. There are more than 400 aircraft registered in Nigeria and 60% of these are used for commercial operations (NOUN, 2017). The covid-19 outbreak led the governments of many countries to impose restrictions on non-essential travel to countries affected by the disease, indefinitely suspending tourism travel, work visas and immigrant visas (Ozili & Arun, 2020). Some countries placed a complete travel ban on all forms of inward or outward travel, shutting down all airports in the country. At the height of the coronavirus pandemic, most airplanes flew almost empty due to mass passenger cancellations. The travel restrictions imposed by governments subsequently led to the reduction in the demand for all forms of travel which forced some airlines to temporarily suspend operations (Ozili & Arun, 2020). The federal government of Nigeria on the 26th March, 2020 declared closure of airports and its borders to all forms of movement and transportation. The airline operators also cooperated with the Federal government directives and suspended their operations in a bid to protect the lives of its staff and reduce the further spread of the disease. It is believed that the travel restrictions cost the tourism industry alone a loss of over $200 billion globally, excluding other loss of revenue for tourism travel and were forecast to cost the aviation industry a total loss of $113billion according to IATA (Ozili & Arun, 2020). Ozili and Arun further observed that the GTBA reported that the business travel sector would lose $820 billion in revenue due to the covid-19 pandemic. Africa’s air transport industry’s economic contribution is estimated at $55.8 billion supporting 6.2 million jobs and contributing 2.6 per cent to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Since the end of January, 2020, thousands of passenger flights have been cancelled in Africa. This is expected to increase exponentially with the implementation of additional measures in different countries (Oyebade, 2020). International bookings in Africa are down roughly by 20 per cent in March and April; domestic bookings have fallen by about 15 per cent in March and 25 per cent in April, according to the latest data. African airlines had lost $4.4 billion in revenue as at 11th March 2020. Ticket refunds have increased by 75 per cent in 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 (Oyebade, 2020). The International Air Transport Association (IATA) observed that Nigeria is at risk of losing 2.2 million overseas-bound passengers and $434 million revenue loss, if the coronavirus spread continues to escalate (Oyebade, 2020). Most airlines are already having difficulty with payment of salary for their workers and will require government intervention to remain in business. For example, Arik airline, the largest airline in Nigeria on Thursday, 23rd April 2020 inform its staff that it will cut off salaries of its employees by 80% for the month of April, 2020 while 90% if its staff will proceed on indefinite leave without pay from May 1st, 2020 (Nicholas, 2020).

Impact on Travel Agencies

Travel agencies are business outfits whose functions include ticket sales outlets to book the airlines traffic, promote the business of the airline through intensive campaigns, use of effective media outlets to communicate innovations in the industry to the public and assisting the airline customers with information about desired flight information and reservation (NOUN, 2017). It is important to note that some airlines sponsor these agencies by helping them to do their work of producing simple and pre-printed tickets as the case may be. The airline gives some commission of a certain percentage to these travel agents (NOUN, 2017). Some airlines pay more than the standard in domestic airline industry. IATA also fixes commission schedules for the travel agents. However, since not every airline is a member of IATA, some airlines do dictate the commission they give to their own travel agents. In Nigeria, the activities of Travel Agencies are regulated by the Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA). With recent technological development, most of their activities are now automated and they are now required to use Computer Reservation Systems (CRS) in booking and confirming seat reservations to prospective customers. Thus, the travel agencies are key players in the tourism sector and have been recording decline in ticket sales and reservations for international and continental flights during this period of covid-19 lockdown. Nairametrics had reported that the agencies experienced 50% drop in ticket sales and reservations for international routes, and with a recent statement from the agencies body, financial incentives are needed to survive the challenges brought upon them by the covid-19 pandemic (Olalekan, 2020).

IATA had disclosed that International bookings in Africa are down roughly by 20% in March and April, domestic bookings have fallen by about 15% in March 2020 and 25% in April 2020 (Olalekan, 2020). The National Association of Nigeria Travel Agencies (NANTA) alleged that the country’s Aviation Industry has been projected to lose N160.58 billion and 2.2 million jobs in 2020 as a result of the covid-19 pandemic (Olalekan, 2020). Nigeria has about 6,000 travel agencies with 2000 registered with the National Association of Nigerian Travel Agencies (NANTA) which have over 35,000 employees that are seriously affected at the moment by the covid-19 disease outbreak and lockdown policy with no any other alternative means of livelihood. In 2019, these travel agencies in Nigeria sold approximately ₦335 billion in tickets (Interview, 2020). At the moment, there is drop in sales by 25% and the pandemic is not yet over (Interview, 2020). This will likely pick up by 50% to 60% when normalcy returns.

Hotel and Hospitality

The hotels and hospitality sector is a major revenue earner, with potential of creating thousands of jobs annually. The hotels and hospital subsector of the tourism industry have also had their own share of the challenges from the covid-19 lockdown policy of the government of Nigeria. With government announcement of “stay-at-home policy” and “social distancing” movement restriction, most restaurant businesses were greatly affected. This led to rapid shutdowns in cities and states to control the spread of the covid-19 disease, which threw many restaurants and hotels across the country into sudden shock. Many hotels have recorded decline in bookings due to the health scare, while restaurants in major towns in the country are now restricted to offering only delivery services. Since most restaurants operate with fresh food products, which are difficult to keep in stock as demand fluctuates, they are bound to incur losses. Hotels across the world witnessed booking cancellations worth billions of dollars, and the hotel industry sought a $150bn bailout (Ozili & Arun, 2020). Resorts and hotels that were booked by excited vacationers and corporate conference-goers before the present covid-19 pandemic are receiving calls to postpone plans or cancel entirely their earlier proposed events. This has made most of the hotels and restaurants to embark on temporary suspension of normal operations which puts the estimated loss of jobs to 24.3 million globally, and 3.9 million in the US alone due to the decline in hotel occupancy during the pandemic period (Ozili & Arun, 2020). The economic losses of the covid-19 pandemic on the hotel and hospitality industry was enormous. The impact of Covid-19 will make it extremely difficult for many of the tourism industry’s players to continue paying staff with a sharp drop in sales and income, resulting in job loss. Many hotels are already closing down because of low patronage and inability to meet up with payment of worker’s salary and electricity bills. Many have already cut down on their workforce, while others slash their workers’ salaries by 50 per cent.

Impact on Tourist Inflow

Although the tourist inflow into Nigeria has reduced in recent times owing to increasing security challenges in the country such as the Boko Haram insurgency, armed banditry and kidnapping among others. The recent outbreak of covid-19 and lockdown policies that follows has only exacerbated the challenges of reduced tourist inflow into the country. According to IATA as at 23rd April, 2020, it is estimated that because of covid-19, Nigeria will have 4.7 million fewer travellers resulting in US$0.99 billion revenue loss, risking 125,400 jobs and US$0.89 billion in contribution to Nigeria’s economy (Interview, 2020).

Impact on Entertainment Industry

Covid-19 pandemic has greatly affected the Nigerian entertainment industry by distorting the Nigerian Film Industry (NFI) 2020 revenue projection beginning with an unprecedented disruption of the global films calendar. The 2020 revenue for the Nigerian Film Industry (“NFI”) was projected at USD1 billion (Olaniwun, 2020). The Nigerian Box Office (“NBO”), which is an important part of the NFI, was expected to improve on its 2019 stellar performance and rise by about 10% from its 2019 performance to take its revenue to the region of USD35 million 2020 (Olaniwun, 2020). Most international film festivals and markets that would have schematically occurred from March 2020 have been cancelled and some local and foreign films already scheduled for release have been rescheduled on account of covid-19 pandemic in Nigeria. This wave of cancellations and rescheduling has a knock-on effect on the NFI, including but not limited to the widening gap between Nigerian filmmakers and the much-needed financing. The NBO generated about USD30 million in revenue in 2019 with a number of planned investments made around the growing Nigerian cinema culture for the year 2020 (Olaniwun, 2020). However, with the restrictions on movement, including lockdowns as well as the high level of families, worldwide, thrown into bereavement, job loss and the general economic downturn, any expected revenue from theatrical release is also postponed, if not lost (Olaniwun, 2020). Other aspect of tourism sector that will equally be affected by the covid-19 pandemic is the transport, hospitality and trade sectors. The government policy of social distancing and stay at home restrict movement within the country and most urban centres. This also led to stoppage of interstate and inter-town travels, culminating in loss of revenue to operators in the transport sector for the period of non-operation.

2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Health belief theory

The HBM is founded on the expectancy–value theory, which states that a person's values and expectations drive motivation. The HBM is one of the most widely used models in health behavior research and practice, and it was created to explain and predict health-related behaviors. It suggests that people's perceived susceptibility (i.e., beliefs about their risk of contracting a health condition), perceived threat (feelings about the seriousness of contracting an illness or leaving it untreated), perceived benefits of taking health action and barriers to action, and perceived self-efficacy can predict people's engagement (or lack of engagement) in health-promoting behavior. Significant differences in knowledge, perceived susceptibility, benefits, self-efficacy, and cues to action were found between smokers and non-smokers in an Iranian study of high school students, indicating that the HBM may be useful in predicting smoking behaviors.20 In a sample of Chinese college students, greater perceived benefits of smoking were associated with higher perceived costs of non-smoking (Strecher,2015).

2.3 EMPIRICAL REVIEW

Oruonye & Ahmed (2020) carried out a study on "An Appraisal of the Potential Impacts of Covid-19 on Tourism in Nigeria". In the study, the authors were of the view that the outbreak and spread of covid-19 disease has resulted in countries of the world placing travel restrictions and closure of their borders to movements to and from other countries. The study stated that the tourism industry is one of the sectors that would be greatly affected. Data for the study was generated from desk review of secondary materials, online blogs and interview through social media chat. Findings of the study revealed that the outbreak and spread of covid-19 disease led to rapid shutdowns in cities and states across the country, which greatly affected the tourism industry. Industries in the tourism sector such as airlines, hotels, entertainment and hospitality industries are facing declining demand and patronage with travel crashes and cancellations expected to continue. The increased cancellations of hotels and travel bookings resulted in billions of dollars in revenue loss and hundreds of thousands of job loss in the country. The findings of the study reveal that covid-19 is already worsening the unemployment situations in the country, resulting in loss of substantial revenue to the government, increasing incidence of poverty among others. Based on the findings, the study recommended the need for diversification priorities to alternative sectors such as tourism and agriculture and compensation to business operators in the tourism and other critical sector.

Stephen, Ogaboh, Michael, & Eteng (2020) in the study "Covid-19 and the Tourism Industry: Critical Overview, Lessons and Policy Options". The authors in the study stated that coronavirus pandemic has enormous impacts on the entire socio-economic structure of countries worldwide. It accounts for the epileptic service delivery of many enterprises globally. The pandemic has massive consequences that have to reshape the present and future landscape of the tourism industry. Thus, the study critically examined the impact of nCOV on the aviation, cruise-shipping, and hospitality components of the tourism industry. It investigated why the tourism industry is the first and the most hit sector by Covid-19. In light of these, the study provided an in-depth discussion on how Covid-19 affects jobs, man-hours, revenue, income, and livelihood of workers, as well as owners of the tourism industry. Discussions were also channeled on how the impacts of the pandemic on the tourism industry affected global GDP and foreign exchange earnings of countries whose economy relays significantly on tourism. The study concluded that with the prolonged lockdown, the tourism industry would continue to experience a large slide down. The study posited that urgent policy remediation is necessary to revamp the sector and rescue it from imminent collapse and extinct