SOCIO ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF TOURISM TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
An Overview of Tourism
Internationally, tourism and hospitality industry worldwide has been acknowledging as the fastest and growing economy in the world which generates US$1.3 trillion in 2012, this sum of money generated was on international travel alone (Babalola and Oluwatoyin, 2014; Baker et al., 2000). Most countries also enjoyed the wealth creation from tourism; tourism industry has been a major source of revenue to most countries like Hong Kong, Caribbean, Kenya, and South Africa (Esu, 2015; Sanni, 2009). Internationally, tourism and hospitality gave accounts of 33.3 per cent of global services trade for 25 years within the period of 1985 and 2010, it was also recorded that, there was one percent increase in operation in the industry than the gross domestic product (ILO, 2010). In 2015 international tourism receipt grew by 3.6% while international arrivals also skyrocket by 4.4% increase, United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, 2016) also experience massive increase in four continuous years in world merchandise trade, which gave a huge rise in shares and tourism export with 7% increase in 2015. International tourism export generated about $210 billion, through transportation service; visitors’ passengers generate $1.4 billion to $4 billion on tourism export on 10 average daily (UNWTO, 2016). According to the UNWTO secretary General Taleb Rifai said tourism today is a vital division on international trade, made this statement when addressing the 60th Regional Commission for Americas meeting which took place in Havana, Cuba. Notwithstanding, with the weak and slow economic recovery, international tourism grew rapidly in 2015 through spending, it demonstrate that tourism sector is relevant in terms of boosting the economic growth and development, creating jobs for her citizens, economic worldwide and stimulate exports. However, in 2015, international tourism shares increase on exports on goods and service from 6% to 7% (UNWTO, 2016). The central bank of Nigeria also makes emphasis that tourism industry is also a positive contribution that boost the gross domestic product of the country.
Based on past records, they gave account of tourism boost in the country, with the 2015 conversion rate of dollar, they generated over US$3 million in 1980, while in 1990 it generates over US$2 million, in 2000 it also generate about US$3 million, US$9 million was generated in 2004, the central bank of Nigeria gave an estimate of over US$12 million in 2006 (CBN, 2003, 2006), with these periodic year, tourism industry is booming, because of foreign investors, churches and little on festivals and carnivals (CBN, 2003, 2006). (UNWTO, 2006), made their analysis that US$56 million was generated from Nigerian economy through the impacts of tourism import and export, UNWTO stated that 75% of revenue gathered from international tourism expenditure on annual basics goes to hospitality services, for the purpose of recreation, leisure and holidays 11 has taken a big wedge of tourist expenditure Akpabio (2007), Babalola and Oluwatoyin (2014, p. 41) and ILO, (2010, p. 6). Tourism as we all know is the activity of travel, tourism started in the early 1950s, these period deals with the early forms of travel in the classical world and the middle ages as well as precursors of modern tourism. There was boom in the 19th century and unique expansion of tourism in the 1960’s that were characterized by new forms of holiday and experience shaped by globalization. Then the beginning of x1x century witnessed the elite tourism, and the emergence of specialized companies that cater for the special needs of tourists. Before the Second World War, was the mass social tourism, but after the Second World War tourism industry took a different shape for good, as it brought a massive social tourism with the establishment of tourism industry as a complex in disciplinary production of goods and services to tourists. It must be emphasized that the basis of segmentation of periods of tourism history is pursuance of the following criteria:
Technical and economic conditions, Social condition, the objective function of tourism at different stages of development. In the first phase of development of tourism, were the motives for travel trade, educational goals, pilgrimage and treatment. In the middle ages, Christianity and Islam played a prominent role in tourism, but during the period of renaissance (time of revival in Europe) the religious component of tourism weakened, but only the educational and cognitive motivations of travelers prevailed. The invention of the steamship (Robert Fulton in 1807) and George Stephenson in (1814) gave tourism the needed boost including the expansion of roads network in Europe. They made travelling cheaper and the reliable. In the middle of x1x century 12 shipping companies was available to lift tourist. The second phase of development of tourism in the community were the changing the balance of work and time to rest. In 1873, Germany was the first to introduce paid leave and this gave raised to less working time in favor of free time. During this period also hospitality industry spring up in Germany. In 1801 in Baden, Baden has opened a first class hotel “Badischer Hoff” in Switzerland in 1812. “Kiga-Westerli” was also opened in 1859. Grand Hotel Shvaytserhoff was built in Switzerland. Different luxury hotels were built during this period that aided the growth of tourism. In the 19th century tourism industry added values by introducing travelling agencies whose duties were to organize tourist trips and sales to the customers. The First World War and Second World War brought negative impact on the tourism industry but it later gave a boost to the industry as a result of Marshall (1945) plan to reconstruct Europe and therefore there was massive investment. After the Second World War, tourism became truly mass social as leisure began to sharpen human destiny and behaviors. Tourism in the modern world is characterized in different forms, connections and relationship that determines whether it is classified, that is, a homogeneous group of individual characteristics depending on the specific practical purposes. According to Robert Erbes in 1973 said tourism consumption is said to be manner from heaven for developing countries, because tourism brings about solution that the nations is having, solutions like foreign settlement, debt, more wealth creation for the country. (Robert Erbes 1973, p 1) also gave some insight how tourism is seen as 13 manner from heaven because it activities are visible, again it a manner from heaven because most of tourism activities are natural resources, it given to us by Mother Nature.
2.2 History of Tourism
Tourism as it were, made a bold entrance into the world lexicon with the foundation and experience of advanced countries who first understand the important of tourism in the advancement of the world affairs and enhancement of their economy and in pursuit of excellence, such countries as America, Britain, Israel, Canada and were in the first category, while countries like Egypt, Sandi Arabia, Kenya etc. embraced tourism as a result of emulation resulted from natural environment that should be exploited for the people. Even till now some countries in Saharan African are yet to have a blue print of tourism industry. The world has become a global village with each country in frequent touch with each other to do business. It is therefore, tourism industry that stimulates and energizes the economy, by way of providing comfort and business to a conducive environment, hospitality centers comes handy in this direction. Tourism expresses itself in different ways which includes cultural festivals, River tourism, Sites and Monument, Beach, Mangrove, Wild Life Park, Ranch, Turf, Caves, Mountains, Valleys, Pyramids, Holy Lands, Carnivals, Museum, Etc. Another angle to the historical background of tourism was anchored by Kevin Watson. In his account on the topic: A brief history of tourism, Kevin opined that tourism began about 2,000 years ago when wealthy citizens of Rome wanted to show off their wealth in spending their summer away from home. Kevin further opined that during the medical period, tourism interest appear high due to growing interest in pilgrimage. The organizers of pilgrimages arranged the tourist their basic needs and comfort. Tourism has turned out to be a very important industry in the modern age. In almost all countries of the world there are separate ministries of tourism. It is being developed to attract new and maintain old tourist which invariably attracts a lot of foreign visitors simulating the economy, creating jobs and avenues hitherto unknown. Indeed, tourism is a good source of foreign exchange for every country that can manage it effectively. Several newspaper agencies, journalists, scribes, radio and T.V reports and others connected with mass media to place and interesting matter for reporting purposes. Most tourists, in search of entertainment and exploration and adventure along with enhancement of their knowledge in various fields come in large numbers in good five star hotels ready to spend their money for food, lodging and comfort. According to the UNWTO (2016), tourism has experienced rapid growth which is now the booming economic sector globally. See also Figure 1. Present-day tourism is related to economy development which is also an avenue of growing new destinations, which is a key driver for socio-economic progress. With the help of tourism growth that has spread globally among developed and industrialized countries, it has produced employment and economic benefits in different cognate sectors, like from agriculture to construction or telecommunications. Tourism contributions to the economic, is based on the economic wellbeing, quality of the revenues and her resources. UNWTO also is a supporting factor which assists destinations to position their sustainability in the international and national markets; 15 the UNWTO (2016) gave an estimate how tourism industry is generating 10% of the world GDP, and generating US$1.5 trillion in export, 7% of world export, 30% of service export and one out of eleven employees are working in the tourism sector.
2.3 Impact of Tourism
Tourism has become one of the global industries which are now a paramount sector in most national economies. Since six decades ago, tourism industry has mastered continual growth, with that, is one of the fastest and the largest industries in the world at large (UNWTO, 2013). Tourism has been a great impact to the world at large and many countries who indulge in trading, recreational activities, shopping, cruise ship and many more. Economic Impact: One of the impacts of tourism, is economic development for developing and developed nations, it create job opportunity in the host country, when a destination has tourism products like good infrastructure, museums, hotels, natural park, manmade aquarium, beaches and so forth, all these began to create wealth for that country, beside the economic benefits, another good impact of tourism industry is that it has good positive effect to the host society, it affect the physical environment and the culture. According to (Crandall, 1987) opined that, tourism industry plays an important role to developing countries whose source of revenue and economy growth is solely on tourism receipts. However, previous research made by some profound authors, indicate that, the host residents are the essential key of tourism development, and with the support of the local residents who plays a vital role gives room for successful operations to sustainable tourism development (Harrill et al., 2011; Lee, 2013; Nunkoo and Ramkissoon, 2010). Social Impact: As most countries realize the impact of tourism growth to the economy, they also reckoned to improve the local residents quality of life with the benefits of socioeconomics, in which the host community brings, tourism brings quality of life, which means the wellbeing of the society, the quality of life are tax revenues, job opportunities, good health, education, family, wealth creation, finance and good environment (Jurowski and Gursoy, 2004). Nevertheless, previous research has indicated that the local’s percipience towards tourism is influenced by cultural, environmental and social factors and not only economic development (Deery et al., 2012; Kim et al., 2013). Another impact of tourism is that it has demonstrated a close bond with migration. Most migrant when they visit a country for the first time, most times get emotionally attached and with that, they will return back, most tourist that visit a nice destination, when they have another vacation, they will also return back because of the tourism products that is been render there, such vacation can be visiting friends and relatives, conferences, convention.
Ari Gamage Brian King, (1999), this study is mindful with the first migrants generation thus the terms where use to describe them as expatriate and non-expatriates, these terms where use to describe those kind of group as ethnic travelers, this ethnic travel was categories as travelling for visiting friends and relatives (VFR), because most travelers will keep in touch with their families and friends at the destination. With technological advanced world people from different part of the continent find it profitable and comfortable to travel around the globe with easy and pleasure. Unlike in the past when travelling was a bit difficult, tourists can now affordably and within a short time travel across the world in large numbers and comparatively safe. Tourism has become the fastest growing industry promoting Socio-cultural, economic and educational resources to the nations that cared to tap into it. Environmental impacts plays a vital role in tourism, whereby the quality of the environment both the manmade and natural is essential to tourism, furthermore, the relationship between environment and tourism is complex, because it has various activities that can have adverse environmental effects. The impacts of environmental are related to infrastructure such as airport and roads, tourism facilities, which are hotels, resorts, restaurants, marina and golf course.
However, tourism has good potentials on the environment, whereby it contributes to the environmental conservation and protection, which also create awareness of the environmental values which serves as a tool to finance the protection of the natural resources and it also increase the destination economic significance. Also apart from the positive impact the environment have, it also have negative impact, this negative impact can destroy the environmental resources.
2.4 Types of Tourism
Basically, tourism is an activity of travel and the fastest global sector in the world, the industry that create wealth, as tourist travels, they all travel for different reasons and purposes, people travel to different destination for the purpose of relation, leisure or business can be regarded as tourism and these types of tourism depend partly on the reason for travelling. People travel for different reasons some to see the world around them; some learn and see the culture of some people, some explore the world and follow the sinking stars. For these and many makes tourism differently.
2.4.1 Mass Tourism
Mass tourism is defined as tourism that organizes a large numbers of people or tourist to visit a destination for various purpose, like Muslims that go to mecca for prayers, likewise Christian go to Jerusalem for prayers, another good example of mass tourism, is those that goes in group for sport purpose, like the last Olympic that was held in Rio 2016. This type of tourism is profit-oriented and offers minimum understanding between the tourist and the host Dogan Gursoy et al. (2009). Mass tourism is also a holiday package that contains all-inclusive package which includes transportation, food and accommodation. According to Dogan Gursoy et al. (2009), states that, reason while tourist visit any destination it because of the natural or man-made resources which are sun, sea and sand. Furthermore, mass tourism is seen as unsustainable because it is unsatisfactory for the development of tourism, because in most cases the destination tends to suffer from massive pollution from these tourists.
2.4.2 Alternative Tourism
Alternative tourism is a tourism that does not deal with large group of people, it is 19 individually plan, it about gain experience about the host culture and her environment, this type of tourism focus on private areas and also the social, natural and the community values, in alternative tourism the tourist mostly book their own flight, alternative tourism also provides opportunities for the tourist and the host (Wearing and Neil 1999). Furthermore, alternative tourism facilitate the attractions for small groups according to (Newsome, Moore, and Dowling 2002) this small alternative tourism also have small negative effect on the social, natural and environment in collaboration with other sectors of the economy example like craft and agriculture. As the world celebrating the huge revenue and value added to life as a result of tourism activities, another angle to this success story is alternate tourism. Alternate Tourism is primarily related to the scale of development in terms of product, indigenization, and health interaction amongst people, local control and an attempt to bring back the lost art of travel. In this, content Williams (1990) has marked certain factors to be taken note of while fixing the criteria.
• Efficiency of and effectiveness of desired product output.
• Influences on regional economic growth.
• Influence on local residence quality of life.
• Use of locally available factors of production.
The interest of alternate tourism has led to emergence of specialist tour firms catering to the demands of a large number of market segments. Alternate tourism itself is not a type of tourism, but is rather a guiding principle involving Eco tourism, Green tourism, Farm tourism, Agri-tourism, Heritage tourism, Cultural tourism etc.
Cultural tourism is another fast rising industry in tourism sector, which showcases a nation’s cultural heritage. Many books and articles have also states that, cultural tourism focus on environmental and economic impacts to a destination Huh (2002). Africans by nature have a rich cultural heritage and different types of cultures identities. Dance steps in African and Nigeria in particular easily tell one from which part of the country such individual comes from. Therefore, the reason’s ones visit to a particular place is to get the fill of the history and cultures, this type is known as cultural tourism. Tourists may also visit different landmarks of a particular country like Ogbunike Carve in Anambra State in Nigeria or just to attend festival to learn about their believe and patience. Cruise tourism is another biggest wealth creation for tourism industry; which is generating rapid growth globally within the past decades Chin (2008). People who take part of this type of tourism are always the rich. In the year 2011, the total revenue generated and later contributed by the cruise ship worldwide to European economy mount to billion 36.3€ from billion in 3..2€ year 2010 (European Cruise Council, 2012).
According to CLIA (2008) cruise tourism in the Mediterranean area constitute 12% of the general cruise industry with Italy ranking. The cruise industry in Italy is concentrated in five districts example are Campania, Latium, Veneto, Liguria and Sicily, in 2010, 9.356 million where cruise ship passengers Risposte Turismo (2011). Nature Tourism is another types of tourism that focus on tourist who are interested in visiting wild life, are known as nature tourist. Their usual destinations in Africa are Kenya, East Africa in particular and in Nigeria-yankari game reserve. Eco and nature tourism are all parts of this kind of tourism. Nature tourism also includes bird watching. Ecotourism is also among the fast tourism sectors, which have an estimate growth rate between the ranges of 10 to 15%; it also classified has one of the largest tourism industries in the globe (Panos, 1997). Ecotourism is known as green tourism, conservation and sustainable tourism. Ecotourism is based on preservation on the environment, also enhance and enlightening visitation and travelling to those who seek pleasure in visiting natural areas and resources to appreciate and enjoy mother nature, ecotourism also promote conservation and have low impacts on the visitors, ecotourism brings about socioeconomic involvement to the local residents (CeballosLascurain, 1996). Religious Tourism is a kind of tourism that is meant for people who travel to holy lands to seek for GODs blessing and forgiveness.
Religious enthusiasts troupe yearly to holy lands, and the destinations of their choice. While Muslims particularly go to Mecca and Medina. Christians on the other hand go to Jerusalem while Hindus and the likes also undertake such journeys. Adventure Tourism, These set of tourists are those who engage in challenging activities such mountain climbing, rock climbing and wild water rafting. Recreation Tourism: This happens when people leave their place of abode to relax and just have fun. Recreational tourists are most often found at theme parks, beaches, camp grounds are likely places of visit. Pleasure Tourism: Due to day to day activities, people are stressed up and the need to 22 rejuvenate calls for pleasure tourism. People travel to refresh spirit, soul and body. In doing so, some engage in yoga workshop and detox vacation among others. Some even engage in sports to de–stress themselves, otherwise called sports tourism. As the 2016 Olympics is going on in Brazil, tourists target such places to seek pleasure, FIFA world cup, African cup of National are in such categories. Medical or Health Tourism: This type of tourism is relatively new in tourism industry. This is mainly focused in improving the health, physical appearance and fitness.
2.4.3 International Tourism comprises of inbound and out bound tourism, inbound tourism refers to those tourists that enter Nigeria from outside the country outbound refers to those that goes out from a country to another, like Nigerians that leave her motherland to Dubai to see the tallest building in the world. Another important tourism is domestic tourism, domestic tourism involve those travelling within the same country and therefore a person travelling from Abuja to Calabar to see Obudu cattle range is known as domestic tourists. Domestic tourism is recorded as 80% of tourism movement. Domestic tourism is very vital in most developed countries than developing countries.
2.5 Tourism in Developed Countries
Tourism is frequently rated as a vital industry in the worlds, which is contributing 9% of the gross domestic product (GDP) and also contributes to the total employment rate generated in WTTC (2011a). In the first stage of tourism development, it does not need top-level qualification in terms of labor and technology, tourism development in developed countries has direct significant in 23 economic impacts, these developed countries face sustainable and rapid economic growth which is indisputable, before a country or a nation can be called developed country it must be acknowledged by some renown agencies like NGOs, multilateral institutions, funders, tourism organizations and donors. Most of the least developing countries that has no commercial or added-value productivity with small professional populations selling her local physiography and culture which gives am impacts towards wealth generation and economic growth, if these resources are well managed it will boost the social and economic development. Tourism as an industry also played an important role in developed countries in terms of provisions of facilities and services, Carmen Padin, (2012), stated that tourism in developed nations play a vital role in terms of sustainability which is based on preservation and protecting of the landscape, protecting the nation’s culture and her natural resources. According to UNWTO (2016) tourism in developed countries increase tourist receipt by 3.6% which accounted to US$ 1232 billion and international tourist arrival was US$ 1.184 million which also have increased by 4.4%.
2.6 Tourism in Least Developed Countries
Tourism in the least developed countries is very significant, because tourism growth in developed countries brings about economic development, job creation, good infrastructure, quality of life, security and to developed human capital to the country which in a way prevent poverty in the country and high inflation (United Nation, 2011).
Some least developed countries now see tourism as their essential and integral strategy to economic development (Sinclair, 1998). Some of this developing countries, tourism is a remedy for their weak economic, whereby the economic development is scares on finance and expertise. This economic resources or natural resources are very essential to increase the economic surplus, when a nation has less tourism resources, they will end up relying solely on international aid to boost their effort in tourism development. Once there is sustainable tourism development in the least developed countries it creates economic expansion, improve the local man power skilled labor in the local business, and also be an export in tourism products. Furthermore, with the development of sustainable tourism development in LDC, it brings about preservation of the environments; protect the country’s cultural legacy by so doing, the country will have good sustainable income from tourism products. However, tourism development for LDC is considered as a basic necessity for economic growth and development. In deriving sustainable development, there are some obstacles facing the LDC which are political issues, unable to provide peace and unity, insecurity and economic issues, environmental issues, poverty, lack of economic protection and culture. Furthermore, sustainable development in the least developed countries attracts room for foreign investors. According to UNWTO (2015), future of tourism 2030 will increase in international tourist arrivals globally, it will increase by 3.3% a year within 2010 to 2030. UNWTO also stated that tourism growth will have a sloppy growth rate of 3.8% in the beginning and at the end will grow to 2.9% in year 2030; this is basically the top 26 base growing numbers. In precise numbers, the international tourist arrivals will experience increase by 43 million yearly, contrasts with a mean increase of 28 million within the period of 1995 to 2010. Furthermore, they forecasted that the tourism growths in international tourist arrivals are supposed to attain 1.4 billion by 2020 and in 2030 it will reach 1.8 million.
2.7 Issues/Problems in Tourism
All business has its good, bad and ugly side including tourism. Tourism has its fair share of being volatile industry. A great deal of industry is dependent on the leisure travelers. However, tourism does not compose only on leisure travelers, but also other groups such as business travelers, and those non-leisure travelers often act and spend in the same way as leisure travelers. Tourism and travel professionals know that their industry is exposed to political, health, and economic undulation. There ups and downs are outside of tourism and travel professionals control. As these forces 27 outside their control occurs, leaders in the industry find a way of managing the unforeseen contingencies. It has also been proved that as tourism bring better income and opportunities; it also has its drawback. Some drawbacks that affect the destinations, it can be environmental issue, climate change and social issues. Tourism problems faced by the environment most times have negative impact on the host country, according to Bruce Curry and Luiz Moutinho (1991) they opined that most havoc on the environment is cause by mass tourism; mass tourism deals with thousands of tourist who travel together and have same purpose. Environment suffers a lot from mass tourist or alternative tourism because these visitors don’t care about the environment they end up polluting it, throwing all kinds of waste to the beach and places in the destination. The environment in most cases are affected by tourists who come with different types or shape of plastic waste and bottles in which at the long run could be disruptive to the habitants of both the fauna and flora life circle. Some tourists with questionable life system both in dress code and bad manner could be transferred easily to young ones who take pleasure in emulation of foreign culture in an attempt to think same and act alike. The adverse effects of unfriendly environment acts affect the host community of which the consequent cannot be compensated in monetary terms. Another issues faced in tourism is the social area, when tourist visit a destination it also boost or pave way for prostitutions by the local residents. Tourist’s destinations are plagued with prostitution, this no doubt have dire consequences for the culture of the people, teenage girls whose income are poor and of poor parent, take the opportunity of easy money of tourists and fall prey to easily pregnancy and its consequences.
Clift and Carter (2000:271) also pinpoint Cuba as a destination where sex and prostitution tourism is flourishing. Another problem of tourism is climate change, in the past previous decade there has been increase in correlation between climate and tourism change. Some countries and business are influenced by climate change (Higham & Cohen, 2011; Schott, 2010) also various aspect of the environment is also affected by climate change such as biodiversity, environmental resources, snow depth and fresh water (Higham & Cohen, 2011), because of high threat of climate change and destitute adaptive capacity, those developing countries whose means of income and economic growth depends on tourism are probably to be affected by climate change (Schott, 2010). Political instability is another major issues face in tourism, when a nation is under distress of climate change, terrorism, violence and negative alliance, all these affect tourist wiliness from visiting that destination (Simpson, Gossling, Scott, Hall, & Gladin, 2008). The tourists themselves suffer and also face several difficulties in their quest for journey and stay in these foreign lands. Some of these include search for visas and duration of stay permitted by host country. Another and very important drawback is in the area of security. Nigeria in particular has kidnapping problem of tourist, mostly in the southern past. Tourist becomes easy target to kidnappers due to huge amount they intend to get as ransom. Many at times American and Britain government have had cause to issue visiting alert to intending travelers of area more venerable to attacks.
Nevertheless, in spite of dangers imposed, people have not stopped traveling as tourism has come to stay. 29 2.8 Challenges of tourism in Nigeria Nigeria tourism is at a slow pace due to various challenges faced by the industry, in areas of beaurecracy, before tourism development will take place it will pass through various sub sectors and offices, by so doing it will take a while before development will take place. Another area of concern is that, Nigeria tourism sector, employees are not motivated to work due to low salary, and long stress working hours, employees work 12 to 15 hours per day and are paid peanut, they begin to have family conflict, because they cannot balance work and family due to long hours of work. Problem of corruption has been institutionalized, whereby nobody sees it has a problem anymore, before job employment is given, you must be familiar with the employee, also when a plan is drafted to develop tourism, the leaders who are in charge of taking care of this funds, use it for their own selfish purpose.
Who Plans Tourism
According to UNWTO tourism is the biggest industry in the world, as big as tourism is, it requires different planners to make it have a smooth operations. Tourism as an industry has four main planners, which are the private sector, public sector, the nonprofit organization and the professionals who initiate tourism plan. The business sector of tourism consists of the hotelier and restaurateur whose makes future development plan, their basic aim is to make profit. These business sectors go out looking for the best locations and good landscape to operate on, after this process, they decide on the kind of products to be produces, services to satisfy the travel market, the service render in the business sector is known as hospitality industry.
Tourism produces more than one product such as transportation, accommodations, recreational activities, historic sites and tours. Apart from their primary aim to make profit, they also influence the decision making of the environment, value of the society and the infrastructure. Tourism is a divers sector which is not only managed by the business sector but also an important sector called the public sector. The public sector which is the government, their main aim is to enact the law and order in the country. For a destination to have massive growth in tourism development, they need the help of the government to initiate the plan and also promote and advertise the countries tourism resources. Notwithstanding, government spent billions of dollars to promote her resources in other to attract the tourist, they provide the tourist with great attractions like museums, reserves, national parks, and archeological. The nonprofit organization is another planner in tourism, which is the voluntary organization; this sector brings about great growth in tourism development through the help of the NGO. The nonprofit organization helps in developing and managing the recreation, ethnic, health, religious, professionals, historic and archeological for her visitors.
In the past years the nonprofit organization has increase the numbers of visitors who seek for cultural and natural attractions. Furthermore, the NGOs have rebuilt and modify the structure in protecting the lands and structures. These NGOs have great promise for tourism development mostly in the developing countries. The professionals are also among the planners of tourism who plans many sectors in tourism. There primary aim based on buildable site development, these professionals comprises of architects, engineers, environmentalist, archeologist, and many professional disciple. The architects helps in building good infrastructure like hotels, restaurants, resorts, theaters, aquariums, monument, arenas, and airport terminals. Architects can be found both in the private and public sector, their artistic talent, training and experience makes the planning project to be accepted by the government or the stakeholders.
Stakeholders in Sustainable Tourism Development
The World Commission on the Environment and Development (WCED) which commonly known as Brunndtaland Report, in 1987, publish the common future, the report explained the concept of sustainable development as an international issue. Sustainability today has become very important concept and topic in alliance to tourism development and planning (Inskeep 1991; Southgate & Sharpley 2002; Yuksel, Bramwell & Yuksel 1999). Many profound authors has made it so clear that sustainable tourism development and planning is an inherent nature have negative and positive consequence on the economy, community and also the environment. In Gunn (1994) also opined that, no form of development that does not have so many comprehensive advancement as tourism does (p. 16). Choi & Sirakaya (2006), Inskeep (1991), and McCool (1995) additionally, what Gunn (1994) is trying to 39 imply is that, if tourism development is been planned erroneously it might wreck the resources of that nation example the social, economic and the environment, these three dimension which are the underpinned or basics of tourism in a given community.
For a given community to have a successful tourism development it must be well, supervised and planned in a sustainable method. (Inskeep, 1991; McCool, 1995; Southgate & Sharpley 2002; Yuksel, Bramwell & Yuksel, 1999). One main factor for sustainable tourism implementations to be successful, that plan must involve the stakeholders and the local community, they need the support of the community and the stakeholders, a successfully plan cannot be planned without these two groups, because each and every one of them plays a vital role (Gunn 1994). A stakeholder is a person or group of people, this group comprises of creditors, shareholders, government, and local residents etc., who are affected by tourism developmental plan in a community (Freeman 1984, p 46). Why planning requires stakeholders participation is because, planning is science and an art to achieve sustainability, a plan cannot be well carried out, if stakeholder participation is not there, stakeholders participation is needed because it involves handling multiple issues. Tourism development first issue is that, the decision in which a plan is been made are made at the highest conceptual level, whereby the decisions are made by experts. Most times the decisions made by the experts are not beneficial to the community opinion or public interest, why because they only initiate the plan without involving the locals, external decisions and opinion are not welcomed by the residents, but what these experts forget to know is that, they don’t know much about a place, the local community know better because any plan made, either it successful or not it will affect the locals (Beierle & Konisky 2000). Also, public participation will lead to better plan, in which room for conflict will be avoided by the stakeholders and the locals (Healey 1998).
In Ioannides, (1995) study, made mention of problems that will occur if stakeholder’s participation are not involved in the planning process. In the early stage of tourism planning in Akamas, the locals declared that they were not included in the issues and discussions about the tourism planning process, the government refuse to take their own opinions into consideration while developing and establishing the national park in that area, conflict and misunderstanding arose whereby the locals decided to take drastic action to put an end to the development of the park, the government carried the plans alone, they said they did not involve the locals because they believe it will stir up trouble (p 590). The government believes that if the plans are been kept secret and quite, the plan could be accomplished without much difficulty (Ioannides, 1995). Many studies have proved that sustainable tourism development cannot be accomplish if stakeholders participation are not involved in the planning process, other articles (Briassoulis 2002; Robson & Robson 1996) also endorse Ioannides’ judgment that before sustainable tourism development can be a success, stakeholders participation should be involve in the entire planning process.
Planning Models
Regional planning is focus on improving the attractions, promotion, advertising and service facilities for the tourist. Regional development plan also is based on increase, in the volume of participation whose intention is to increase the number of tourist, by so doing, this tourist will spend more on tourist products and attractions in other to generate more income for the country and also it creates job opportunities and increase tax revenue. Regional planning is mainly large landscape that contains various shapes and forms, the governments are always in charge, they make the law 41 which cannot be violated, regional planning comes when we have large landscape, the governments are responsible of the state and policy in the region.
Regional planning is for everybody’s participation and agreement, the participants are the professionals, NGOs and the stakeholders, and they are all involved in designing the regional plan, after the process of participation time is required, However, with the increase in participation, there are two main important factors we must consider. The first factors to be consider is that, there should be increase in demand of that district, meaning that several people, at their place of origins, should be able to present the desire and the ability to travel and also take part in what that region has to offer. If potential tourists want to visit the region, they should have money, time, equipment, and transportation. Secondly, if huge numbers of visitors are planning to visit this region, there would be changes in the present level of offerings, that is, the supply must take place (C2), which means there must be increase in either the physical plant or the total number of offering. Furthermore, shift of market or more people must be accommodated at more lodging, transportation, food service, retail sales and attractions. The purpose of regional planning is the progress and development of the state.
Destination planning is also known as destination zone and community tourism, whereby the fundamental practical and spatial components include attraction, access, gateway, and one or more communities and linkages betwixt the communities and the attractions. The mechanism that influences the destination for travelers is arranged by the attraction complexes. These attractions complexes are the geographical areas in a destination, which have good rooted natural resources and man-made resources which is supposed to be developed to provide for tourist activities, but in the case of Delta state, Nigeria reverse is the case because the government have nonchalant attitudes towards tourism development. These attractions are what a given destination must have, which also have two main functions, which is the activities that draws tourist to the place and also they have to fulfil the tourist expectation. The complexes in destination is use to imply value in clustering suitable attractions simultaneously either by tour or physical, 43 furthermore, these destination attraction complexes peradventure are within the main city or the remote area example national park.
In the year 1977, Baud-Bovy and Lawson issued their own approach to planning out door tourism development and recreation which is called product analysis sequence for outdoor leisure planning called PASOLP. It was elaborated by Baud-Bovy (1980, 1982). Baud-Bovy elaboration was based on his experience of planning concepts and its principles, which is applied in several countries today. In his approach he stressed about integrated planning, which means planning should breaks the traditional technical planners approach, furthermore, Baud-Bovy opined that, planning should be integrated with a country’s policies, with her related sector of the economy, structure of tourist industry and physical environment.
Overview of Tourism in Nigeria
Nigeria as a nation is a multicultural country, which is also the most populated country in Africa with over 250 ethnic groups, who speak over 500 languages with it population of over 140 million (Dantata, 2011; Jakada and Gambo, 2014). Nigeria is situated in West Africa, sharing her boarders with Cameroon and chad in the east, Benin in the east and Niger in the north. Nigeria contains 36 states with her federal capital which is located in Abuja. In Nigeria, tourism and hospitality sector includes food and beverage, accommodation, adventure, travel trade, transport, event and conferences, attractions and tourism services, listed by Esu (2012, p. 279). Esu and Inyang (2009, p. 31) further discussed that, these sectors of Nigerian tourism can be classified in 3 subsystems which are destination subsystem, tourism retailing subsystem, and transportation subsystem, in which they gave examples of what comprise of these subsystem, for tourism retailing, it comprises of tour operator and travel agency, before a tourist want to come to any destination of their choice, the first step is to either approach travel agency or the tour operator to get their holiday package, packages includes flight reservation, hotel booking, safari tours or any other tours that the destination has, while transportation subsystem comprise of bus, car, airlines and cruise ships these are the tools that a tourist can use to access their way round the 51 destination they are going to, and for the destination subsystem involves attractions, conventions, accommodation, shopping areas, facilities, food service, recreational activities, festivals and sport. With the above subsystem, these are the main attributes every destination must have and these are the main tourism product apart from the experience it gives. In Nigeria hospitality industry, food and beverage sector are commonly considered as hospitality, hotels, restaurant and food service companies provides this at large extent. Nigeria also have multinational brands that provides food and beverage service in Nigeria such as Sheraton, Radisson (Blu and Park Inn), Transcorp Hilton, Best Western, Intercontinental Hotels, Accor (Ibis), and many more (Obinna, 2014). Other domestic and international brand includes Eko Hotel and Suites, Rock view, The Wheat baker Hotel, The Moor house, Novotel and Chida Hotels and many more are located in major cities (Jakada and Gambo, 2014). According to Jakada and Gambo (2014), gave their own view about hospitality sector, they said hospitality in Nigeria is a strong sector in tourism and travel industry, notwithstanding Nigeria is a country that is rich in oil production (Karatepe and Magaji, 2008; Karatepe and Olugbade, 2009), with her riches and natural resources, corruption has eaten away the business environment which is now seen as one of the most corrupt nation worldwide (Erondu et al., 2004; Okpara and Wynn, 2008). Apart from corruption, the global perception of Nigeria, Nigeria is now among top dangerous country in the world due to lack of security (Nzeako, 2014; Suleiman, 2010) with this global perception it has kill tourism growth in Nigeria, tourist no longer visit because they are scared of their lives, because of terrorism and now the economy is going into recession (Karatepe and Aleshinloye, 2009; Karatepe and Magaji, 2008). Nigeria tourism and hospitality industry is afflicted with major challenges like insufficient salary, long working hours, stress at work, gender inequality, and job insecurity (Adeyemi et al., 2006; Karatepe and Magaji, 2008). Another major challenge or issues face in the hospitality industry is the issue of overpriced charge by hotels, who deliver poor service and rated 3 star Sanni (2009), (Akpabio, 2007) also said is due to poor service quality while (Nwosu, 2008) suggested that, those services render have unethical behavior. Nigeria hospitality industry lack all the issues mentioned above, because most of the staffs are not qualified for the job, most of them have secondary school leaving certificate without no experience, even those with university degree don’t have discipline in hospitality, but because of connection which is man know man, jobs are been granted to them, with all these they will end up delivering bad service to guest. Despite the magnificent growth of tourism years back Dantata (2011) and Sanni (2009) indicate that another major problem with Nigeria hospitality industry is the problem of lack of law and guidelines for sustainable operations.
In other for Nigeria tourism sector to grow and be able to compete with other in the global market, her ethical problems must be reviewed and rephrase in other to achieve sustainable tourism development and vision 2020 objectives (Dantata, 2011). 4.1.1 Nigeria: The land of Ibos, Hausa, Yoruba and other: (I.H.Y.O) The country Nigeria came into existence with the amalgamation in 1930, Northern and Southern protectorate. The country was thither to administered separately; with the major dominate ethnic groups being the Ibos in the East, the Hausas to the North, the Yoruba’s in the West while many ethnic nationalities dot the whole land scape. Hausa, Ibo, Yoruba Languages are recognized, but English Language is mostly used in official transactions. Presently, the country has an estimated population of 184 million people in 2015. Nigeria population density is 199.9 people per square 53 kilometer. The total area of Nigeria is 923 770km2 according to the United Nations statistics division. It has 36 state structures with Chief Executive of each state being the Governor elected through popular votes. Nigeria practices Federal System of Government with the three arms of government the Executive, Judiciary and the legislature acting independently and co-coordinating with each other for the smooth running of the government, The Head of state being the commander of the Armed forces and Chief Executive with wide powers. While the Executive Arm of the government executes the law, the legislature enacts laws while the judiciary interprets the law. The country is mainly populated by Christians and Muslims.
While Christians are mostly from the middle belt to the south, the Muslims dominate the Northern part of the country with pockets of pagans and unbelievers. The weather in the country were planned by mother nature that it was so to say divided in such a way that both the rainy season and dry season have equal mouths to themselves. The people are very friendly and hospitable that everybody seems his/her brother’s keeper. Douglas A, .Phillips (2004). In Nigeria no government both at the center and at regional level can succeed without the co-operation of the traditional ruler which is believed to be closer to the people. These traditional rulers go by different named. In Calabar he is called the Obong, the Igbos calls theirs Obi, Yoruba call theirs Oba while the Hausas called their Emir. Although, many ethnic nationalities which spread across the length and breadth of the country also go by different names, such names include Gowon gwom for the Birons, Amanayabor for the Ibibio’s, etc. One major characteristic of Nigerians is that each segment that makes up the country 54 called Nigeria has its unique dance steps and customs. The dance steps can easily identify such an individual from he/she comes from.